THE NATURE OF CONCRETE AND ITS DURABILITY PERFORMANCE IN AN INLAND ENVIRONMENT – A LITERATURE REVIEW

Alhassan, Yunusa Aminu & Ibrahim A. Danjuma

Department of Civil Engineering

Federal Polytechnic Idah, Nigeria

Email: alhassanay@gmail.com

Corresponding author: Alhassan, Yunusa Aminu

ABSTRACT

The process of reinforcement corrosion in concrete is partially controlled by the transport of ions through the concrete microstructure and its chemical composition. The rate of advance of aggressive agents in concrete depends on the permeability of the concrete and the quantity of the hydroxides, which are, in turn, controlled by the characteristics of the concrete making material and its processing, for example curing and compaction. This paper examines the nature of concrete and its influence on the durability performance and service life of reinforced concrete structures in an inland environment. Even though other types of degradation affect concrete in an inland environment, attention is focused on the effects of carbonation. The nature of concrete as its affect it’s physical and chemical properties and its consequences on the carbonation thus durability performance and service life of reinforced concrete structures are illustrated. Mechanism of carbonation in concrete are also described. Keywords: Concrete; Carbonation; Durability performance; Service life; Degradation

ANALYSIS OF AN ELECTRICAL POWER INJECTION SUBSTATION

¹Oshevire Patrick & ²Usiholo Iruansi

¹Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State

²Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State

E-mail: oshevire.patrick@fupre.edu.ng; uiruansi@gmail.com

Corresponding author: Usiholo Iruansi

ABSTRACT

Distribution systems hold an extremely critical position in the power system since its primary point of link is between bulk power and consumers. An effective and planned distribution network is the way to adapt with the ever increasing demand for commercial, domestic and industrial load. The power flow or load-flow study of radial distribution network is of prime significance for effective planning and execution of load transfers. Power companies are keen on finding the most efficient configuration for minimization of real power loses and load balancing among distribution feeders to save energy and in improving the general performance of distribution system.

Keywords: Distributed Generation (DG), Power Tools for Windows (PTW), Power flow study, load flow study.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A LEVITATED VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

¹Emmanuel Ighodalo Okhueleigbe* & ²Aaron Okiemute Onyan

^1,2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria

Email: okhueleigbe.emmanuel@fupre.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the development and implementation of a levitated vertical axis wind turbine (LVAWT) whose aim is for power generation. With the utilization of the repulsive forces present in permanent magnetic, the vertically placed vanes of the wind turbine would be levitated resulting in less frictional losses due to contact of shaft with surface of frictionless bearings therefore reducing losses and increasing efficiency. After the blades are set in perfect rotating condition, a shaft which is connected through its normal axes would be geared for increased speed and then connected to an alternator. The main important of gearing is that though the turbine may be constructed to run at certain maximum speed so as to increase the life span of the turbine, the gear in an increased ratio would help to increase the rotating speed of the alternator therefore increasing output. With the implementation of the turbine system, power would be generated at the cost of wind in motion which could be used in homes and even commercial regions.

Keywords: Wind power; Wind turbine; Magnetic Levitation; Generator; Power

A SURVEYOFBIOMASS AS AN ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY

P.O. Alao¹*, F. Onaifo², O.G.; Olasunkanmi³, & S.O Ezekiel⁴

¹²³⁴Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering

 Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State, Nigeria

Email Address: peter.alao@oouagoiwoye.edu.ng, frank.onaifo@oouagoiwoye.edu.ng

 *Corresponding Author

 ABSTRACT

This paper presents biomass as another source of reliable renewable energy. Biomass simply means gathering large quantity of vegetation to serve as a source of energy and power. The paper investigates anaerobic method of producing biogas from agricultural and food waste, especially food crops. Biogas is produced by means of controlled anaerobic digester treatment of organic materials by bacteria. The control mechanism of this method is discussed taking cognisance of its advantages and drawbacks when compared with other renewable energy system. However, the harvest and discharge techniques of the biogas using separator, gas holder and bag gasholder were investigated. The biogas is similar to natural gas, hence, serves as a good source of energy. In addition, co-generation system (electricity and heat), is achievable with biomass (biogas) on the basis of reciprocating engine. The sustainability of biomass always generate hot debate but practices like short rotation harvesting and re-planting are already designed to make it sustainable. This report discussed the negative impact of burning biomass on the ecosystems and the atmosphere. The carbon footprint of biomass is discovered to be a great task to calculate compare to calculating the carbon footprint of other renewable energy sources e.g solar, wind, turbine etc. However, replenishment of biomass and re-absorption of carbon dioxide, co₂, by the replenished biomass is an area of concern in this study.

Keywords:biomass, biogas, anaerobic, co-generation, carbon footprint, ecosystems

STUDY ON THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN SWEDISH WEIGHT SOUNDING AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOIL FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES (A CASE STUDY OF CLAY SOILS OF ORO TOWN IN IREPODUN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KWARA STATE

Gana, A. J & Braimoh, O.S

Department of Civil Engineering

College of science and Engineering

Landmark University Omu-Aran, Kwara state Nigeria

Emails: – doctorgana@yahoo.com, braimon.solomon@imu.edu.nig

ABSTRACT

This study attempt to correlate the Swedish weight sounding test results with that of unconfined comprehensive strength of clay soils of Oro Town in Irepodun Local Government area in Kwara State at different consistency field locations field and Laboratory testing programs were carried out at different sites that comprises common soil types in Oro town. Undisturbed and disturbed soil sample were obtained from different depths. Laboratory test were conducted on soil samples in order to determine the unconfined compressive strength; and soils physical properties. The results of both the field and laboratory tests were finally analyzed and correlated. The developed correlation showed that there is a linear relationship between Swedish weight sounding and unconfined compressive strength] test results. The relationship can be used to estimate the natural undrained shear strength of the soil under investigation from the Swedish weight sounding test results obtained.

Keywords:- Analysis, Assessment, correlation, weight sounding equipment, unconfined compressive strength of soils, Oro Town.

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF A RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA IN MATLAB WORKING ENVIRONMENT

Abdul Rasak Zubair & Sheriff Olayemi

Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering

Email: ar.zubair@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT

Modelling and simulation of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna on MATLAB platform is presented in form of three algorithms. The design algorithm which computer the dimensions of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna is based on the transmission line model. The cavity model algorithm analysis the rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The radiation pattern algorithm plots the radiation patterns of the antenna. The algorithms developed were used to model and simulate three different specifications of rectangular patch antenna. The results obtained are found to compare favourably with existing records.

Keywords: Antenna, Microstrip patch, Transmission line model, Cavity model, Radiation pattern

EVALUATING THE GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONSISTENCY AND ROAD SAFETY ON TWO-LANE SINGLE CARRIAGEWAYS USING OPERATING SPEED CRITERIA

*Igene, M. O.  & Ogirigbo,  O.  R.

Department of Civil Engineering

                                                                                                  Faculty of Engineering

University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria

Email: morris.igene@uniben.edu

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

This work focuses on two-lane single carriageways that contain sections, which make transition from one geometric feature to another unsafe, and thereby resulting in driving errors that may eventually lead to driving off course and accidents. The two-lane single carriageway selected for the study was the Ekiadolor-Olumoye-Uhen road, a rural highway in Edo State, Nigeria. Alignment data such as curve radius, length of curve, beginning and end point of curve, as well as vertical slope, were obtained from satellite imageries using Geographic Information System (GIS); while the operating speed reduction (∆V₈₅) between tangents and curves was estimated at various sections of the selected route. These data were used as input parameters in generating an Accident Prediction Model. The model was generated using the Generalized Linear Regression Modelling (GzLM) approach. The results obtained from the study showed that the curves between sections 11.4 – 11.9km, 21.5 – 22.0km and 24.0 – 24.5km, fell slightly short of the criteria of a good design and therefore required warning signs to be placed before the transitions; whereas the curves between sections 16.8 – 17.4km and 26.6 – 27.8km, fell very short of the criteria of a good design, and were classed as poorly designed.

Keywords: Consisten cy, Operating Speed, Geometric Design, Rural Highway, Accident Prediction Model.

APPLICATION OF UPFC FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THE NIGERIA ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

¹Madueme T. C & ²Onyegbadue Ikenna A.

^1,2Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Nigeria Nsukka

Email: augkey2002@yahoo.com

Corresponding author: Onyegbadue Ikenna A.

ABSTRACT

In this work, the optimization of power flow of Nigerian 330kv network was conducted. The optimization was achieved by the simulation of a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System device (FACTS) called the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) on the 330kv Nigerian network. A load flow analysis was first carried out on twenty-six buses, eight generators and twenty-nine transmission lines of the 330kv network of Nigerian power system. The load flow analysis was done using three techniques which included Newton-Raphson, Gauss-Seidel and Fast decoupled load flow (FDLF) in a Matlab 7.5 based program. FDLF was confirmed to be the fastest with a convergence time of 0.02 second after twenty eight iterations and hence recommended for this work. Gauss-Seidel technique failed to converge even after 1000 iterations. The bus voltages as well as line losses were obtained from the analysis. System Line Overload Index (SLOI) analysis was also carried out to determine overloaded lines. The branches identified for the simulation of UPFC in order to optimize the 330kv network include; Kainji-Jebba TS-Oshogbo, Oshogbo-Ikeja West, Oshogbo-Aiyede, Egbin-Delta GS, Shiroro-Afam, Jos-Gombe and Benin-Onitsha. The simulation of UPFC increased the maximum power transferred to the lines considered. Kainji-Jebba increased by 0.688%, Jebba TS-Oshogbo had an increase of 7.552%. Egbin-Delta GS had an increase of 38.12% which is the highest. The simulation of UPFC also increased the voltage magnitude of the buses at the receiving end of the transmission lines. The technical benefit derivable from the simulation of UPFC in Nigeria power system has been demonstrated in this work. The simulation of UPFC resulted in an optimization of Nigerian power system.

Keyword: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System, Unified Power Flow Controller, System Line Overload Index, Load Flow, Gauss-Seidel, Fast Decoupled load Flow.

APPLICATION OF UPFC FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THE NIGERIA ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

¹Madueme T. C & ²Onyegbadue Ikenna A.

^1,2Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Nigeria Nsukka

Email: augkey2002@yahoo.com

Corresponding author: Onyegbadue Ikenna A.

ABSTRACT

In this work, the optimization of power flow of Nigerian 330kv network was conducted. The optimization was achieved by the simulation of a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System device (FACTS) called the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) on the 330kv Nigerian network. A load flow analysis was first carried out on twenty-six buses, eight generators and twenty-nine transmission lines of the 330kv network of Nigerian power system. The load flow analysis was done using three techniques which included Newton-Raphson, Gauss-Seidel and Fast decoupled load flow (FDLF) in a Matlab 7.5 based program. FDLF was confirmed to be the fastest with a convergence time of 0.02 second after twenty eight iterations and hence recommended for this work. Gauss-Seidel technique failed to converge even after 1000 iterations. The bus voltages as well as line losses were obtained from the analysis. System Line Overload Index (SLOI) analysis was also carried out to determine overloaded lines. The branches identified for the simulation of UPFC in order to optimize the 330kv network include; Kainji-Jebba TS-Oshogbo, Oshogbo-Ikeja West, Oshogbo-Aiyede, Egbin-Delta GS, Shiroro-Afam, Jos-Gombe and Benin-Onitsha. The simulation of UPFC increased the maximum power transferred to the lines considered. Kainji-Jebba increased by 0.688%, Jebba TS-Oshogbo had an increase of 7.552%. Egbin-Delta GS had an increase of 38.12% which is the highest. The simulation of UPFC also increased the voltage magnitude of the buses at the receiving end of the transmission lines. The technical benefit derivable from the simulation of UPFC in Nigeria power system has been demonstrated in this work. The simulation of UPFC resulted in an optimization of Nigerian power system.

Keyword: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System, Unified Power Flow Controller, System Line Overload Index, Load Flow, Gauss-Seidel, Fast Decoupled load Flow.

ENHANCED FRAMEWORK FOR SMART CITY TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS IN NIGERIA

*D.U. Ebem, A.H. Eneh  & U.C. Arinze

Department of Computer Science

Faculty of Physical Sciences

 University of Nigeria, Nsukka-South East, Nigeria

Email: deborah.ebem@unn.edu.ng

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

An enhanced framework for smart city transport and logistics in Nigeria known as Trans-Route is presented in this paper. This application leverages on existing input-output efficient implementations of shortest path algorithms. The system will address the problems experienced in moving people, goods and services from one location to another in Nigeria. The SPAs were evaluated and analyzed on MATLAB simulation platform for performance optimization and selection. Main functionalities of the system were implemented as a web-enabled geographic information system (GIS) application based on open-source technologies and object-oriented software development methodology using unified modelling language. Topology building, network creation and data cleaning and correction will be handled using Quantum GIS 1.6. Pilot implementation was done based on spatial data of South East geo-political zone of Nigeria covering six selected states in Nigeria including Lokoja, Kogi state and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, pulled from web-based mapping tools like Google maps, MapQuest and Microsoft Bings respectively and displayed using Laravel Framework. Dijkstra’s algorithm implemented with double bucket dynamic data structure was used for implementing the proposed route planning system, as past research efforts has proven that it is the fastest with run-time improvements from O (m + n/log C) to O (m) respectively.

Keywords: Trans Route, shortest path algorithms, double bucket data structure, GIS