Category Archives: International Journal of Medical Science and Applied Biosciences Number 4, volume 3, 2019

CONTENTS

In Vitro  Callus Induction Potentials of Wheat Genotypes using Mature Embryo as Ex-Plant Source under different Levels of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) M.K. Haruna, C.U. Aguoru, C.C. Iheukwumere, & I.D. Salisu …………….….1

Ocular Morbidity in the Elderly Population of Nyanya, Abuja, Nigeria

Onwukwe, N.A. & Okafor, P. C. ………………………………….…………….15

Histomorphology of Intracranial Tumors in Benin-City, Nigeria

Udoh MO, Udoh DO, Aligbe JU, Olu-Eddo AN, Ekanem VJ & Akhiwu W.O………………………………………………………………………………….27

The Effect of Noise Pollution on Human Cardiovascular System

Favour Chukumela Woko………………………………………………….………41

Working Mother Attitude and Practice of Exclusive Breast Feeding Pattern among Banker in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

Ilori O.A ¹Nupo S.S, ²Akinlotan J.V, ¹Nupo O.A, & ³Adenekan M.K…………49

Isolation and Structural Elucidation of 20 hydroxyecdystone from Vitex doniana Sweet Stem bark (Black plum)

Mustapha A. Tijjani, Y.A. Shettima, Fanna I. Abdulrahman; Irfan Z. Khan; Cong Li……………………………………………………………………………..59

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Efficacy of Leaf Extracts of Nauclea latifolia L.

Malami Y.G., Lawal F.B. & Garba S.T………………………………………….65

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Efficacy of Leaf Extracts of Nauclea latifolia L.

Malami Y.G., Lawal F.B. & Garba S.T.

Department of Science laboratory Technology

Umaru Ali Shinkafi Polytechnic, Sokoto, Nigeria

ABSTRACT:

Nauclea la tifolia is a valuable medicinal plant that is widespread in the humid tropical rainforest or in savannah woodland zone of West and Central Africa. Different parts of the plant possess remarkable therapeutic actions that can support the traditional usage of this plant in the treatment of several ailments. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial efficacy of the leaf extracts were evaluated. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedure, the chemical ingredients detected were Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Alkaloids, Steroids, Glycosides, Saponins glycosides, Volatile oils and absent of Cardiac glycosides, Balsam and Anthraquinones. Antibacterial efficacy of the leaf extract was also tested against certain strains of clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The antibacterial test results had indicated that, the test isolates were sensitive to the leaf extract of the plant with the highest efficacy against Salmonella typhi (33mm) at 200mg/ml, Klebsiella pneumoniae (40mm) at 200mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus (11mm) at 200mg/ml, Streptococcus spp (14mm) at 200mg/ml and lowest activity at 25mg/ml. The extract found to showed strong inhibitory effect against the test isolates at higher concentration which was in dose dependent manner. The study had indicated that the leaf extracts of the plant has potential against microbial infections.

Isolation and Structural Elucidation of 20 hydroxyecdystone from Vitex doniana Sweet Stem bark (Black plum)

Mustapha A. Tijjani*¹, Y.A. Shettima², Fanna I. Abdulrahman^1, Irfan Z. Khan¹, Cong Li³

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri.P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria

²Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri

3Departement of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Maiudguri, Maiduguri

³Nat. Centre for Natural Products Research and Developement Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mississipi, United States of America

Email: mustaphatijjani22@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:

The ethanolic extract of Vitex doniana stem bark (11.9g) was subjected to a silica gel accelerated column chromatography and eluents fractions (150ml aliquots) obtained were collected and monitored with thin layer chromatography (TLC).. Fractions with similar R_f values from same solvents system were poled together. Phytochemical test of all the fractions were perform. Complete elution yielded 48 fractions (150ml/fraction) which were pooled to 24 fractions and finally to eight (8) eight fractions and coded. Fraction Vd_8-a (56mg) has gave a single spot  a white crystal compound coded V₁ on checking with TLC and observed under Ultraviolet lamp .The R_f values was calculated to be 0.433 and melting point was found to be 241-243°C uncorrected. The infra red spectrum of compound V₁ shows prominent peaks that corresponds to OHstr (3365cm-1) and C=0 (1652cm-1). The ¹H NMR (400 MHZ) spectrum of compound V₁ in DMSO-d6 displayed five singlet signals. It further showed a broad singlet at δ 5.58 integrated for 1 H is due to an olefinic H-atom adjacent to the carbonyl carbon atom. Three signals at δ 3.10` (d, J = 9.0 Hz, H-22), 3.59 (m, 1H, 2H-a) and 3.72 (m, 1H, 3H-e) each integrating for one proton is due to an oxymethine protons indicating that three oxymethine H-atoms were present in the compound. The ¹³C-NMR spectrum showed the presence of 27 Carbon atoms, suggesting that may be steroid skeleton and The DEPT-135 spectra showed the presence of five CH₃, eight CH₂, and seven CH groups, and seven quaternary C-atoms. The Molecular formula was established as C₂₇H₄₄O₇ by HRES-MS positive ion mode m/z 481.3179. Based on the spectral analysis, the compound V₁ is thus concluded to have ecdysteriod skeleton and conclusively conforms with 2β, 3β 14α, 20R, 22R, 25- hexahydroxy-5 β cholest-7-ene-6- one, commonly known as 20-hydroxyecdysone. This is the first time this compound was isolated from vitex doniana sweet.

Keywords: Vitex, Phytochemical, purification, isolation, chromatography, spectroscopy

Working Mother Attitude and Practice of Exclusive Breast Feeding Pattern among Banker in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

¹ Ilori O.A ¹Nupo S.S, ²Akinlotan J.V, ¹Nupo O.A, & ³Adenekan M.K

¹Nutrition and Dietetic Department Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere, Abeokuta

²Department of Adult Education, University Of Ibadan

³Departmentof Food Technology, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere, Abeokuta

ABSTRACT:

Infant nutrition determines the holistic development of the child. This study was carried out to assess the attitude of working mother towards exclusive breastfeeding. A structured questionnaire was administered to one thousand eligible working mothers in selected banks across Abeokuta metropolis Ogun state Nigeria. Data were collected using heightometer for measuring height, weighing scale for measuring weight and tape measure for measuring waist circumference. The result of the study showed that 23.8% of the respondents exclusively breastfed their babies, while 76.2% breast feed with both breast feeding and breast milk substitute. About 76.2% did not have enough time to breast feed their babies, 52.1% were not aware of the suggested health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. The results of the body mass index of the subject reviewed that 12.4% were underweight (<18.5), 54.3% were normal (> 18.5 – 24.9), 25.1% were overweight (25.0 – 29.9), 5.2% were obese grade I (30.5 – 34.9), 1.3% were obese grade II (35.5 – 39.9). The rate of exclusive breast feeding was very low among the study group. Corporate organization should give appropriate time to the workers to exclusively breast feed their babies.

The Effect of Noise Pollution on Human Cardiovascular System

Favour Chukumela Woko

Department of Integrated Science

Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt

Email: favourchukumelawoko@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Noise pollution is a health hazard and induces both auditory and non-auditory effects. Extensive levels of noise are associated with a high risk of physiological changes such as hypertension, increased levels of heartbeat rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, and thus peripheral vascular resistance. Noise can trigger both endocrine and autonomic nervous system responses that in turn affect the cardiovascular system and maybe a high risk for the appearance of cardiovascular disease. This work provides a comprehensive review of the new evidence linking noise pollution to cardiovascular risk. It considers some fundamental issues concerning noise and its consequences on the cardiovascular system. Sleep deprivation or fragmentation is usually considered the most severe non-auditory effect of noise pollution, which in turn affects the cardiovascular system. Noise exposure is also associated with hypertension and consequently with other cardiovascular diseases, the results from the literature, however, are inconclusive. Noise pollution has many adverse effects on health and especially on the cardiovascular system. Understanding the harmful effects of noise pollution on cardiovascular health will help us to take all the appropriate measures to prevent or to reduce the possible health risks.

Keywords: Noise Pollution, Noise Exposure, Cardiovascular Risk, Hypertension, Sleep Deprivation

Histomorphology of Intracranial Tumors in Benin-City, Nigeria

1Udoh MO, 2Udoh DO, 1Aligbe JU, 1Olu-Eddo AN, 1Ekanem VJ, 1Akhiwu WO, 1Obaseki DE, 1Ugiagbe EE, 1Forae GD, 1Obahiagbon I, 1Imasogie DE.
1Department of Histopathology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City
2Neurological Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery; University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City
E-mail: moludoh@yahoo.co.uk, Corresponding Author: Dr. Mojisola Olutayo Udoh

ABSTRACT:

Intracranial tumors are a heterogenous group of lesions attracting significant morbidity and mortality. Before the establishment of neurosurgical services in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital
in 2006, patients with intracranial surgical pathologies in the Edo-Delta axis (and several surrounding states) of Nigeria travelled far to other regions of the country and abroad for diagnoses and treatment.
However, in the past thirteen years, a cohort emerged, of patients with intracranial tumors who were diagnosed and treated in our tertiary health institution. To describe the histomorphology of intracranial tumors in the Edo-Delta region of Nigeria. A retrospective database study of intracranial tumors diagnosed at the histopathology department of our hospital between July 2006 and December 2018. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved from the records of the department. Data was analyzed using
SPSS 20.0. A total of 150 (65 males and 85 females) intracranial tumors were diagnosed during the period studied i.e. male-female ratio of 1:1.3. Peak incidence was in the 4th decade and mean age was 39.76±20.30.
Meningiomas were the commonest intracranial tumors (47.3%); followed by gliomas (23.3%), metastasis (6%) embryonal tumors and pituitary adenomas contributed 5.3% each, locally invasive head and neck
tumors (4%). Astrocytomas constituted 68.6% of gliomas; glioblastomas alone constituted 45.83% of astrocytic lesions, 31.4% of all gliomas and 7.3% of intracranial tumors. The commonest intracranial tumors in children were gliomas (45.8%), mostly ependymomas and pilocytic astrocytomas. Histopathological diagnosis remains pivotal in the management of intracranial tumors, predicting behavior, and determining treatment and the prognosis of the lesion. The patterns of occurrence of intracranial tumors in this study, are similar to that described elsewhere
Keywords: Intracranial Tumors; Central nervous System, Brain tumors, Histopathology

In Vitro Callus Induction Potentials of Wheat Genotypes using Mature Embryo as Ex- Plant Source under different Levels of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

M.K. Haruna, C.U. Aguoru, C.C. Iheukwumere, & I.D. Salisu
Department of Biology, Federal University Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Department of Biotechnology, Jigawa Research Institute, Kazaure
Email: mokharry2013@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

This work was carried out at Jigawa Research Institute Biotechnology Laboratory Kazaure to determine callus induction potentials of 16 wheat genotypes using matured embryo as ex-plant source under different (PEG) levels. The experiment had six treatments (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%)
including control with each replicated three times and the necrotic percentage taken showed varieties 8(53.3%), 7(60%) and 28(61.1%) had minimal necrotic callus, while ANOVA shows that there is significance
difference between the treatments percentage values (P<0.05), while there was positive correlation among the genotypes. Also the total number of callus recorded for each variety across treatment showed an
encouraging callus production in varieties 8(38), 7(34), 2(32) and 6(31), however (ANOVA) shows significant difference between the treatment mean values (p< 0.05) while Pearson correlation coefficient among the genotypes indicated that there was positive correlation. Keywords: Callogenesis, drought stress, embryo culture, tissue culture, Triticum aestivum L.

Ocular Morbidity in the Elderly Population of Nyanya, Abuja, Nigeria

Onwukwe, N.A. & Okafor, P. C.
Department of Optometry
Madonna University, Nigeria
Email: kaakaamain@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:

This is a cross-sectional study involving 308 elderly participants, aimed at investigating the burden of ocular morbidity among the elderly population of Nyanya, Abuja. Their ages ranged from 40 to 70 years with a mean of 55.01(SD ± 11.39), the minimum age was 40 and the maximum age was 89. In the data collection, convenient sampling method was used. A comprehensive examination consisting of visual acuity testing, anterior and posterior segment examination was carried out on all the participants.
Refraction was done where necessary. Presbyopia was not considered for the analysis, because presbyopia is common among this age group. Intraocular pressures (IOPs) were checked for cup disc ratio >0.6 or where
there is 2D difference between the two eyes and when there is synechia. Glaucoma suspects were referred for perimetry. Visual impairment was classified according to the World Health Organization. Data were analyzed with statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 25). From the result, the ratio of males to females is 1:1.08. Ocular morbidity was not significantly dependent on gender (P<0.05) but was significantly dependent on age (P<0.05). The most common ocular morbidity was conjunctivitis(15.3%, n=47 ), followed by refractive error (13.3%, n=41),other patterns are pterygium and refractive error
(10.7%,n=33),Cataract (9.4%,n=29) normal/presbyopia(9.4%, n=29),dry eye(7.8%,n=24), pterygium/ pinguecula + dry eye (5.5%, n=17), corneal ulcer (4.5%,n=14), uveitis(3.9% n=12),lid disorder (3.2%, n=10), hypertensive retinopathy(2.3%, n=7), glaucoma(1.6%, n=5), cataract + pterygium + refractive error (1.6%,n=5), glaucoma +cataract (1.6%, n=5), diabetic retinopathy(1.3%, n=4),refractive error and dry eye (3.2%,n=10), glaucoma + refractive error (3.2%,n=10),pterygium(0.6%, n=2), conjunctivitis + refractive error(0.6%, n=2), retinitis pigmentosa (0.6%, n=2). In conclusion ocular morbidity was found to be high among the elderly in Nyanya hence, health education programsshould target the elderly specifically and the entire population in general, on the importance of regular and comprehensive eye/vision check.