Category Archives: International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Scientific Discovery

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Durability of Waste Metal Bottle Caps Aggregate Concrete

Egbe-Ngu Ntui Ogork ¹ and Daud Gussau Haruna..…………………….1

A Critical Review of the Effects of Selective Laser Melting Process on AlSi10mg Alloy

Comfort Akwonya Adadu, Emmanuel Ocheola Oko, Mike Airelo Enaboifo..……………………………………………………………………..15

Durability Characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Corn Cob Ash

Egbe-Ngu Ntui Ogork¹, Abdulkarim Muhammad Auwal ..…………….29

Sedimentology and Palynological Study of Maastrichtian to Danian Sedimentary Succession in Alo-1 Well, Anambra Basin

Lucas, F. A. & Osezele, E. I…………………………………………………42

Performance Comparison of Okumura and Hata Model for UHF Signal Propagation in the City of Warri, Nigeria

Ogbeide, K.O & Anyanhun, I. A…………………………………………..73

Application of Virtual Reality in the Automobile, Aerospace Industry and Medical Surgery

Comfort Akwonya Adadu, Emmanuel Ocheola Oko& Tyav, Alfred Demenongu…..….84

Biozonation and Sequences Stratigraphy of Maastrichtian to Danian Sedimentary Succession in Alo-1 Well, Anambra Basin

Lucas, F. A., Osezele, E. I. & Ebahili, E. O………………………..116

Mitigating Communication Fading Using Bit Error Rate Performance of Combining Techniques Simulink Model

T.T. Awofolaju, O. Oladepo & H. Lasisi……………………………143

Assessment of Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms Fit for Mildsteel Pipe Corrosion inhibition Study by Extracts of Castor and Rubber Seeds: A Comparative Analysis

Offurum, J.C.; ²Nwakaudu, M.S.;²Ndukwe O.C., ²Kamalu C.I.O. & ²Onyelucheya O.E……………153

Durability of Waste Metal Bottle Caps Aggregate Concrete

Egbe-Ngu Ntui Ogork ¹ and Daud Gussau Haruna ²

^1,2 Department of Civil Engineering

Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria

Email: egbenguogork@yahoo.com¹, harunagusau65@yahoo.com²

ABSTRACT

This paper assessed the effects of Waste Metal Bottle Caps (WMBC) aggregates on the durability characteristics of concrete. WMBC used were obtained from local drinking points in Kano, Nigeria. The WMBC were prepared with its edges folded with hammer and plier and characterized for use in concrete of 1:2:4 mix ratio and water cement ratio of 0.55 containing WMBC aggregates as partial substitute of granite aggregate of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% respectively. A total of seventy two (72) number 100 mm x 100 mm x 100mm cubes of hardened concrete were tested for compressive strength at the age of 3, 7, 28, 56 days of curing in accordance with standard procedure. Crushed samples of the cubes of WMBC concrete from the compressive strength test at 28 days curing for the six mixes were weighed and exposed in 5 % concentration of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) medium and weight retained recorded at 7 days interval until the 28^th day, to determine the resistance of WMBC concrete to sulphuric acid aggression. Also, eighteen number 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cubes of WMBC concrete were tested for water absorption at 28 days curing. A total of thirty six number 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cubes of WMBC concrete cured for 28 days were subjected to elevated temperature of 200 ^oC for 1 and 2 hours, respectively and were also tested for compressive strength. The results of the investigations showed that WMBC aggregates were predominantly of Fe₂O₃ (97.7 %), smooth but denser than normal aggregates.  The compressive strength and water absorption of concrete containing WMBC aggregate decreased with increase in WMBC content. However, up to 30 % WMBC could be suitable for partial substitution of coarse aggregate in concrete in normal environment. The resistance of up to 20 % WMBC concrete exposed to sulphuric acid environment is similar to that of normal aggregate concrete and slightly lower for higher content of WMBC aggregates. WMBC concrete exposed to elevated temperature experienced higher compressive strength loss than that of concrete made with crushed granite aggregate. The compressive strength loss of WMBC concrete at elevated temperature range from 8.9 % to 22 % and 22 % to 39.1 %, as opposed to compressive strength loss of control samples  of 2.9 %  and 10.3 %, for 1 and 2 hours exposure respectively.

Keywords: WMBC, Aggregate, Concrete, Durability.

A Critical Review of the Effects of Selective Laser Melting Process on AlSi10Mg Alloy

Comfort Akwonya Adadu¹, Emmanuel Ocheola Oko², Mike Airelo Enaboifo³

¹Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Benue State University, Makurdi

 ²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo-Nigeria,

³Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

Email: ¹comfortadadu@yahoo.com, ³michael.enaboifo@uniben.edu

ABSTRACT

Automobile and Aerospace industries are the key players in the application of Aluminium and its alloys due to their suitable properties. AlSi10Mg is a suitable cast alloy with good mechanical properties. Meanwhile, processing AlSi10Mg powder by selective laser melting poses some difficulty due their high reflective and conductive properties coupled with the surface oxide films present in the powders. Selective laser melting process of the alloys particularly AlSi10Mg was reviewed to understand the effects of laser processing and powder properties on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the manufactured part. The hydrogen porosity in the alloy can be reduced, achieving a pore density of 90% by internal drying by laser. The hydrogen pores present in the powder due to moisture on the surface and the oxygen contained in the substrate can be reduced by drying the powder. External powder drying by 200^oC reduced hydrogen pores by approximately 50%. Porosity absence in the alloy using single tracks and layers were achieved. The Fine microstructure observed in the core of the melt pools was due to rapid cooling.  Parts manufactured by selective layer melting surpass that of casting in mechanical properties.
Keywords: selective laser melting; aluminium alloys; microstructure; porosity; mechanical properties

Durability Characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Corn Cob Ash

Egbe-Ngu Ntui Ogork ¹, Abdulkarim Muhammad Auwal ²

^1,2 Department of Civil Engineering,

 Bayero University, Kano

Email: egbenguogork@yahoo.com¹, abuiyal1@gmail.com²

ABSTRACT

This paper assesses the effects of corn-cob ash (CCA) on the durability of self compacting concrete (SCC).  The CCA used was obtained by controlled burning of corn cob to ash in a kiln to a temperature of 600 ^oC for two hours, and after allowing cooling, sieved through sieve 75 µm and characterized. The effects of CCA on durability of SCC grade 35 were investigated at replacement levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %, respectively by weight of cement. A total of sixty number 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm cubes of SCC-CCA were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28 and 56 days of curing in accordance with standard procedure. Crushed samples of the cubes of SCC from the compressive strength test at 28 days curing for the five mixes were weighed and exposed in 5 % concentration of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) solution and weight retained recorded at 7 days interval until the 28^th day, to determine the resistance of SCC-CCA to sulphuric acid aggression. Also, fifteen number 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cubes of SCC-CCA were tested for water absorption at 28 days curing. The results showed that the CCA has a combined SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ content of 71.32%, which can be classified as class F pozzolana. The compressive strength of SCC increased with increased in curing age and decreased with increase in CCA content. The 56 days compressive strength of the CCA-SCC ranged from 30.7 N/mm² to 52.1 N/mm², and up to 15 % CCA is recommended as partial substitute of cement for production of SCC. CCA decreased the resistance of SCC to sulphuric acid attack compared with control samples (6.27 to 11.29 % reduction) and also increased the water absorption of SCC.

Key words: Corn cob ash, Self compacting concrete, Sulphuric acid attack, Water absorption

Sedimentology and Palynological Study of Maastrichtian to Danian Sedimentary Succession in Alo-1 Well, Anambra Basin

Lucas, F. A. & Osezele, E. I.

Department of Geology University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

Geology and Geophysics Department, Skangix Development Limited Lagos, Nigeria

Email: drfalucas@gmail.com, preshyose143@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

One hundred and five (105) cutting samples recovered from depths between 540ft to 8,600ft in Alo-1 well sedimentary succession, Anambra basin were subjected to sedimentological and palynological study. Three Lithofacies were established: shale,   sandy-shale   and   shaly-sand   respectively.   Mineral   contents   of these lithofacies include mica, carbonate, iron oxide and quartz. A total of 81 species of miospores and 19 dinocysts were identified, evaluated and appraised for their biostratigraphic utilities.  Danian to Maastrichtian stage is assigned for the succession penetrated. The Cretaceous -Tertiary (K-T) boundary is delineated by both the FAD of a dinocysts species, Damassadinium californicum and LAD of a pollen species, Constructipollenites ineffectus at intervals 3,600ft and 4,360ft respectively. A shelf environment was established for intervals between 540ft- 5340ft marked by interfingering of miospores and dinocysts. The paleoenvironment between intervals 5340ft-8600ft was undiagnostic because of absence of sufficient palynological evidence.   Palynomorph abundance pattern and the age of the succession penetrated were used to delineate stratal surfaces: two maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) and one sequence boundary (SB) were defined in the Danian, three maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) and two sequence boundaries (SB) were defined in the Maastrichtian. Based on the age established for the succession penetrated, the formations likely penetrated by the well were established to be the Imo (Danian) from 540ft-3600ft and Nsukka (3600ft-4570ft)-Ajali (4570ft-5170ft) and the Mamu (5170ft-8600ft) these have been dated Danian-Maastrichtian. The two maximum flooding surfaces were mainly delineated and defined on the basis of palynological signals while the sequence was identified on the basis of the high resolution lithofacies model generated for the well sedimentary succession. This work has therefore, demonstrated the utilities of palynology for the definition and characterization of stratal surfaces.

Keywords: Danian; dinocysts; K-T boundary; Lithofacies; Maastrichtian; pollen; Paleoenvironment; Sequence stratigraphy.

Performance Comparison of Okumura and Hata Model for UHF Signal Propagation in the City of Warri, Nigeria

Ogbeide, K.O and Anyanhun, I. A.

Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering,

University of Benin, Edo State

 Email: kingsley.ogbeide@uniben.edu

ABSTRACT

This paper is aimed at determining the performance of the renowned Okumura and Hata propagation models for propagation path loss prediction in the City of Warri, Delta state region of Nigeria. The work was carried out through a quantitative measurement of the signal strength of Delta Broadcasting Service which transmits TV signals in the ultra high frequency band at a frequency of 636MHz. The results obtained using the root mean square error RMSE performance metrics  shows that the  Hata  propagation model gave a better pathloss prediction compared to the measured pathloss even though some modification are still required to enable it explain for the pathloss situation in the city of Warri, Delta State Nigeria.

Keywords: Hata, Okumura, propagation models, signal strength, UHF, VHF, Pathloss, Prediction,

Application of Virtual Reality in the Automobile, Aerospace Industry and Medical Surgery

Comfort Akwonya Adadu^1*, Emmanuel Ocheola Oko², Tyav, Alfred Demenongu ¹

¹Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Benue State University, Makurdi

²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo-Nigeria

Email:¹comfortadadu@yahoo.com,²skimmerring2008@gmail.com,¹alfredtyav1576@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Virtual reality technology and applications to the automotive, aerospace and medical surgery industry were discussed. The advances in computer hardware and software that increased industrial application of VR were discussed for automotive, aerospace and medical surgery industries. Some of the hardware components are projectors, monitors of computers, haptic devices, hand gloves, shutter glasses, head mounted displays and so on. The software used for generating 3D models for automotive, aerospace designs the types of computer imaging for medical surgery simulation were also highlighted. Several virtual reality systems and virtual environments developed over the years   for automotive, aerospace and medical surgery industry were discussed. The cost effectiveness of VR technology and the improvement it brought to the automotive, aerospace and medical surgery industries were mentioned. Current limitations to the implementation of the VR technology in automotive, aerospace and medical industries based on realism of simulation, need to improve computer human interfaces and simulator delays were explained. Finally, the legal and regulatory issues to be addressed for full commercialisation of VR in automotive, aerospace and medical surgery industries were highlighted.

Keywords: virtual reality technology, industrial application, software, hardware, cost effectiveness

Biozonation and Sequences Stratigraphy of Maastrichtian to Danian Sedimentary Succession in Alo-1 Well, Anambra Basin

¹Lucas, F. A., ²Osezele, E. I. & ³Ebahili, E. O.

^1,3Department of Geology University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

²Geology and Geophysics Department, Skangix Development Limited, Lagos, Nigeria

Email: drfalucas@gmail.com, preshyose143@gmail.com, ebahili789@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

A detailed palynological study of One hundred and five (105) ditch cutting samples recovered from depths ranging from 540ft to 8,600ft were recovered from Maastrichtian to Danian sedimentary succession penetrated by Alo-1 well in the Anambra Basin, Nigeria was carried out. It yielded biostratigraphically significant dinoflagellate cyst species. A total of 81 species of miospores and 19 dinocysts were identified, evaluated and appraised for their biostratigraphic utilities.  Maastrichtian to Danian stage is assigned for the succession penetrated. The Cretaceous –Tertiary (K-T) boundary is delineated by both the FAD of a dinocyst species, Damassadinium californicum and LAD of a pollen species, Constructipollenites ineffectus at intervals 3,600ft and 4,360ft respectively. Palynomorph abundance pattern and the age of the succession penetrated were used to delineate stratal surfaces: two maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) and one sequence boundary (SB) were defined in the Danian, three maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) and two sequence boundaries (SB) were defined in the Maastrichtian. Based on the age established for the succession penetrated, the formations likely penetrated by the well were established to be the Imo (Danian) from 540ft-3600ft and Nsukka (3600ft-4570ft)-Ajali (4570ft-5170ft) and the Mamu  (5170ft-8600ft) these have been dated Maastrichtian to Danian. The two maximum flooding surfaces were mainly delineated and defined on the basis of palynological signals while the sequence was identified on the basis of the high resolution lithofacies model generated for the well sedimentary succession.

Keywords: Maastrichtian; Danian; Dinocysts; Biozonation; Sequence stratigraphy.

Mitigating Communication Fading Using Bit Error Rate Performance of Combining Techniques Simulink Model

T.T. Awofolaju, O. Oladepo & H. Lasisi

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Osun State University, PMB 4494, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria

Email: ooladepo@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Information plays a significant role in the society, industry and business organizations but in spite of the improvement in wireless communication over the conventional communication system, its performance is still degraded by many transmission impairments such as fading, co-channel interference and noise. In wireless communication, diversity techniques are very powerful tools to mitigate the fading impairment. This work presents the investigation of bit error rate (BER) performance of combining techniques in combating fading. To visualize the BER performance of Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Selection Combining (SC) techniques, some mathematical modelling develop in MATLAB/Simulink model were performed. The simulation results conform to their corresponding closed form expression. The performance improvement in the Bit Error Rate (BER) is maximum for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), while Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Selective Combining (SC) provide marginally inferior performances. The developed program is tested and found to be reliable and accurate in combating signal fading.

Keywords: Bit error rate, combining techniques, fading, global system, mobile communication, Simulink, Statistical analysis.

Assessment of Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms Fit for Mildsteel Pipe Corrosion inhibition Study by Extracts of Castor and Rubber Seeds: A Comparative Analysis

¹Offurum, J.C.; ²Nwakaudu, M.S.; ²Ndukwe O.C.  ²Kamalu C.I.O. & ²Onyelucheya O.E.

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo-Ohaji

²Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri

E-mail: jullyengine@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The present study is concerned with the Comparative Assessment of Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms Fit for Mildsteel Pipe Corrosion Inhibition Study by Extracts of Castor and Rubber Seeds. A flow system (locally designed, but with standard equipment) was used for the corrosion inhibition assessment at 60^oC (temperature), 60% stroke (dosage) and 20g/L (inhibitor concentration in acid medium).  The highest corrosion rate was recorded at 32hours, while the least was recorded at 4hours, which shows that loss of integrity of the material (via corrosion) increases with time. The empirical constant of the Langmuir model, b was found to have all-negative values, affirming a continuous heat energy demand for the corrosion process with time; the model, in this regard, made a good fit for the data (for both samples). On the contrary, the Freundlich model does not fit the data, as the Freundlich intensity factor, K_f (for both samples) have extremely wide values. The Langmuir model is, thus, preferred to the Freundlich model for data fit in corrosion inhibition assessment study.

Keywords: Comparative Assessment, Langmuir Isotherm, Freundlich Isotherm, Corrosion Inhibition, Castor Seed Oil, Rubber Seed Oil.