Category Archives: International Journal of Social Sciences and Conflict Management

SENSATIONALIZATION AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CONFLICT REPORTAGE: SYNOPSIS OF RELIGION, MEDIA AND ETHNIC DIVISION IN NIGERIA

¹Usman Muhammad & ²Ibrahim Danmaraya

¹Department of Political Science, Kaduna State University

²Department of History, Kaduna State University

Corresponding author: Dr. Usman Muhammad

Email: Danmaraya77@yahoo.com; Muhusman2020@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

There is no doubt that Nigeria have witnessed a plethora of conflicts that have shaken her foundation since independence. This challenge has brought about hardship, poverty and backwardness especially as the conflict we witnessed, hit hard the economic fiber of the Northern part of Nigeria. Kano and Maiduguri, have long historical connections to the Arab trans-Saharan trade, long before the 18th century to date, those two have not only been a seat of trade, but of religious strong hold of Islamic civilization and culture. The various crises of Maitatsine conflicts in the second Republic and the subsequent crisis during the military regimes of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida to date have their roots in the perceptions and wrong conception of different and diverse cultures. Added to the heterogeneous nature of Nigeria, the various reportage of the media, and their regional prejudices, and biased reporting, has accentuated those fault lines to not only sensationalize them, but internationalize the various conflicts along vertical and horizontal divisions. This paper has focused on religion, media, and ethnic divisions in Nigeria and how the heterogeneous nature of the country became a burden and liability, rather than beautiful asset and tourist haven. With the inception of democracy in 1999, one would have thought, ethnic and religious crisis will wane, contrary to that, Nigeria witnessed an avalanche of those conflicts and crisis, the media has been traditionally divided between the North and South, all reporting with prejudices often and ethnic idiosyncrasies, and cultural ethnocentrism a synopsis of this is what the paper have discussed as a development challenge. The methodology is analyzing the hang-over of colonial division that is a cog in the wheel of progress in the 21st century.Even as it is, the Crisis between the Fulani-herdsmen and the Farmers has been in the burner with devastating consequences of confused methods to solving them. While the Federal Government of Muhammadu Buhari is favouring Grazing Colonies, a fall out from the various states that have implemented the anti-grazing laws, most states in the federation have rejected such solution. This indeed has been very well criticized as failure by the former president Olusegun Obasanjo. Ironically, the RWANDAN genocide has similar trajectory in the history of ethnic cleansing and pogrom, the crisis in Bosnia at the Heart of Europe, has similar history of biased media reportage, and some other pockets of crisis in Africa and around the world. Solutions have been identified and recommendations offered.

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURE AND LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA

¹A.S. Ngutsav & ²Bridget M. Akaakohol

¹Department of Economics, Benue State University, Makurdi,

 ²College of Education, Katsina-Ala

E-mail: ngutsavayila@gmail.com, mlumunbridgetakaakohol@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This study examined the relationship between government expenditure on education and labour productivity in Nigeria covering the period of 1980 to 2015. The study was anchored on the theory of human capital theory. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used for the analysis since some variables incorporated in the model were stationary at level while others were integrated at first difference at 5% critical level. It was found that there is long run and short run positive relationship between government expenditure on education and labour productivity in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that the Nigerian government should step-up budgetary allocations to the education sector in line with UNESCO threshold of 26% of the total budget for the developing countries.

Keywords: Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, Government Expenditure, Human Capital and Labour Productivity

URBAN LANDUSE EXTENSION ON AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN TUNFURE, GOMBE STATE OF NIGERIA

Oboh Satur Okosun

Department of Geography,

Federal University of Kashere, P.M.B 0182, Gombe, Nigeria

Email: obohyian25@yahoo.com, obohcom@fukashere.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Land use has been defined as the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type, with changes overtime by the complex interaction of structural and behavioral factors associated with technological capacity, demand, and social relations that affect both environmental capacity and the demand, along with the nature of the environment of interest. This paper term to address how agricultural land use has been reduced due to increase or extension of urban  land use, by looking at; the different land use and pattern in Tunfure within a period of 20 years, evaluate the trend of land use and to examine the impact of the urbanization process on agricultural activities in the study area. In order to maintain consistent data for the study period, all image data used in this study were Landsat TM data of 30M resolution for a period of 20years(1996-2016). In this study five main methods of data analysis were adopted which are: calculation of the area in square kilometer of the resulting land use types for each study year and subsequently comparing the results, overlay operations, maximum likelihood  classification and land consumption rate and absorption coefficient. The result shows a noticeable change in land use in the study area, which has resulted to the town having a growth pattern of concentric zone model with link to multiple nuclei model. Based on the findings, recommendations were.

Key words: Agricultural Land use, Changes, Land use, Urban Land use.

CAUSES AND IMPACT OF FOOD INSECURITY IN SUDAN

Dr. Nasreldin ATIYA Rahamtalla

Department of Economics

Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria

Email: nasratiya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Food insecurity and hunger in Sudan have been far too common. Food insecurity has grown in Sudan during the last few decades and the size of food insecure population has increased. This paper attempts to shed light on the causes and the impact of food insecurity in Sudan. The paper relies heavily on secondary data.  The paper finds that the main causes of food insecurity are natural hazards, conflict, population growth, Corruption and political instability, Cash crops dependence and Pests, livestock diseases and other agricultural problems. Food insecurity threatens lives of people and drives social and economic problems such as malnutrition, communal conflicts, low income and low productivity. It is recommended that, problems of climate change should be addressed and peace building and peacemaking are important for conflict elimination. Supportive agricultural policies and capacity building of local communities are essential for ensuring food security in Sudan.

Keywords: Causes, Impact, Food insecurity, Sudan.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES IN NIGERIA

Jibrin Ubale Yahaya

Nassarawa State University Keffi

Email:  jibrinubaleyahaya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Conflicts and search for peace is as old as the history of human society, conflict is inevitable once individuals and group may like to interact conflict is normal activity that will emerge but the important thing in this paper  is to consider  how conflict will be resolve without much wastage of both lives and properties. This paper has discussed conflict management process in Nigerian Context, theories related to conflicts, causes of conflict in Nigeria and better conflict Management strategies. The paper reviewed various literatures that has focus on conflict management strategic in Nigeria  to give us a guide on how to suggest and recommended Some  conflict strategic mechanism such as acceptance of  negotiation, compromise, consensus, mediation, integration and collective agreement as a means of sustaining peaceful resolution of conflict in Nigeria.

Keywords: Conflict management, Strategies, Resolution and Social Integrations.

AN ASSESSMENT OF STATE AND NON STATE RESPONSES TO BOKO HARAM CRISIS IN NIGERIA

Olanrewaju, John. S & A.M Letswa

Department of Political Science and International Relations, Landmark University, Kwara State

Department of Political Science, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger StateEmail:srawsolly@gmail.com, ahmadletswa@gmail.com   

ABSTRACT

The new form of terrorism was consummated following the devastating attacks by Al Qaida against the military architecture of United States of America. The first counter terrorism strategy adopted by President George Bush was military approach which led to the declaration of total war against terrorism. This approach has become global approach with different countries adopting it through heavy deployment of military weapons to decimate the capacity of terrorists. However, President Good luck Jonathan derived inspiration from military approach in the war against Boko Haram. After the declaration of state of emergency there was heavy military presence in the North Eastern Nigeria with the intension of degrading the capacity of Boko Haram. There is no doubt that President Good luck Jonathan adopted counter terrorism strategies but the effectiveness of all the strategies adopted has become a subject of trepidation. The administration of President Good luck Jonathan was not only bedeviled by corruption but lacked clear direction in its war against Boko Haram. Also, the inability of his administration to effectively tackle Boko Haram eventually led to his fundamental electoral defeat in 2015 General Elections. The electioneering campaign of Mohammed Buhari was greeted with much euphoria because of his promise to tackle Boko Haram within six months of his administration. Remarkably, the present administration has made some progresses but victory has not been achieved. However, this study analyses the state and non state responses through the prism of counter terrorism strategies adopted since the beginning of Boko Haram crisis, the study adopts bibliographical method of data collection and descriptive method of data analysis with the recommendation that the war against Boko Haram cannot be completely won through the barrel of gun. The counter terrorism strategy should be combination of both orthodox and critical terrorism approaches.

Keywords: Terrorism; Counter terrorism; Anti terrorism;   Boko-Haram, North East

CAUSES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN SUDAN

Nasreldin ATIYA Rahamtalla

Department of Economics

Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria

Email: nasratiya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Sudan is home to more internally displaced persons than any other country in the world.  Internal displacement has been recognized during the late 1980s and became prominent on the international agenda in the 1990s.This paper attempts to shed light on the causes and socio- economic consequences of internal displacement in Sudan. The study relies heavily on secondary data. It finds that displacement in Sudan is caused by conflict, natural disasters (floods, droughts and desertification) and development projects. There were 3.3 million people displaced by conflict in the country as of the end of 2016. Displacement leads to child homelessness, psychological stress on the displaced women, increase of the displaced women’s responsibilities for providing to their families, appearance of families without men-breadwinners and great reliance on aid and relief. It causes loss of properties and income sources, poor health services, concrete shift in consumption patterns and increase in school dropouts. Displacement threatens food security, deprives people of livelihoods and access to land and other natural resources. It is recommended that forced displacement should be prevented and IDPs are to be settled and integrated into local communities. Durable solutions should be adopted and governance reform and national dialogue are necessary for ending the conflict and achieving comprehensive and sustainable peace .

Keywords: Causes, Consequences, Displacement, Sudan.

NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

Kper, Bartholomew Torkuma¹, Achimba, Terfa², Akaangbough, Terkuma Solomon² Orngudwem, Terfa Iyorshe³

¹ICT Directorate, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, Yandev, Benue State-Nigeria

² Department of Maths/Computer Science, University of Mkar, Mkar, Benue State-Nigeria

³ Department of Basic Sciences, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, Yandev. Benue State-Nigeria

Email: agriculture4truelife@gmail.com

Corresponding author:  Kper, Bartholomew Torkuma

ABSTRACT

The National Identification Number (NIN) policy recently embarked upon by the federal government of Nigeria has both merits and demerits. This paper has x-rayed the challenges and the prospects of the policy in an attempt to educating Nigerians on the need for the exercise. Notwithstanding, the paper has identified the deployment of biometric modalities like iris scan, palm prints, facial recognition, fingerprints and voice recognition etc as a means of fighting terrorism, corruption, crime and other forms of criminality. The registration exercise is however marred with corruption by enrolment officials through extortion and the siphoning of budgetary allocations meant for the process by the Commission. The paper recommends among others, the strengthening of institutions charged with the responsibility of fighting corruption and the need for Nigerians to embrace the NIN policy in order to enjoy the benefits of the scheme. The paper conclude that there exists a need for Nigeria to invest substantial economic and human resources in the e-ID policy and to genuinely embrace the use of modern technologies in adequately identifying and authenticating people within her borders.

Keywords: Electronic Identity (e-ID), National Identification Number (NIN), Biometric modalities, National Identity Management Commission (NIMC)

MODELS FOR RESETTLEMENT OF DISPLACED PERSONS IN NIGERIA: THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Nsidibe Akpan Usoro &*Itimitang Wilson Etukudo

Department of Sociology and Anthropology

University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria

Email: ussh0074@gmail.com, dritimitang@yahoo.com

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

The involuntary displacement of some human populations in Nigeria have grown unabated in recent times, leaving millions of Nigerians uprooted from their traditional homes without much prospects of immediate solutions to their plight. Development projects, conflicts and natural disasters are among the key factors that trigger displacement of populations from original habitations. Within the past sixty years, researchers and policy makers have advanced various models for planning resettlement programmes. Some of these models are reviewed in this paper; these include the Scudder-Colson –Four-Stage model, the Risks and Reconstruction model and the Bakassi Resettlement and Re-integration model. Without prejudice to postulations of the various resettlement models developed in the area of study, this paper advocates a holistic approach in the resettlement of displaced populations which is emphasised in anthropological perspective.

Keywords: Involuntary Displacement, Human population and Resettlements Model.

EFFECT OF TAX INCENTIVES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

Nnubia, Innocent Chukwuebuka & Fabian C. Obiora

Department of Accountancy

Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra StateEmail: nnubiae@yahoo.com, oniiudochiobiora@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The study examined the effect of tax incentives on economic growth in Nigeria. The data were drawn for 2007 to 2016 as regards to tax incentives. The main type of data used in this study is secondary; sourced from the CBN Statistical Bulletin. This study applied ex post facto research design. The data collected were analysed using Ordinary Least Square Method. The results show that Annual allowance is positive and has significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria; whereas Investment allowance is negative and has significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. The study, therefore among others recommends that in order to encourage investment in the manufacturing industry, the policy makers and the government should formulate and enact laws that increase the rate of investment allowance from 15% to 20% on plant and machineries used in manufacturing business.

Keywords: tax incentives, economic growth, Nigeria.