STRUCTURAL MECHANISM AND FAILURES: THE IMPLICATIONS, CONSEQUENCES, AND REMEDIES:-A REVIEW

Gana A.J

Department of Civil Engineering

Landmark University Omu-Aran, Kwara State

Email:phildebo123@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Structures are generally known to be a product of Engineering materials, characteristics and behavior with regards to the anticipated loadings and other environmental requirements. The engineering materials of structures includes steel, reinforced concrete, Timber, plastics, glass etc. The material strength are usually considered as the main criterial in determining specific functional application and also the design consideration. The effects of loads and forces on physical structures are determined by structural analysis, which is an important procedures in structural design and construction processes. Structures are loads bearing substances and arrangements of interactive and inter-related elements for that purpose should therefore ensure stability. This study examined structural mechanism, consequences, and remedies with concluding remarks for consideration.

Keywords: – Structural, Mechanism, Failures, Implications, Consequences, Remedies.

MORPHOMETRY AND MORPHOLOGYOF GULLIES IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

¹Anzaku, I. M.; ²Ishaya, K. I., & ³Ogah, A. T.

^1,Department of Science, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria

^2,3,Department of Geography, Nasarawa State University, Keffi,

Email: mamman.iliyasu@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This study assessed the morphometry and morphology of gullies in Nasarawa State. Both primary and secondary data source were employed for this study. The primary data were collected from direct field observation and measurements. Secondary data were gathered through the review of relevant literature. A recommendation survey to ascertain the general characteristics of gullies in the state was carried out with the aid of topography map of the study area. Lafia, Wamba and Karu LGA was selected from each senatorial district to represent the study area has an undulating topography and Furley (1996) observed that variation in topography could modify occurrence of land degradation. Variable were measured or divided randomly from each of the thirty-six-gully site in the study area. Twelve gully sites were selected from each Government representing the study area. The results generated from the field were subjected to statistical and laboratory analysis. The results of the findings revealed that gullies in Lafia and Wamba LGA of Nasarawa state are more affected 80% Kilema gully site in Lafia LGA recorded the highest intern of gully length 315m followed by Traffic in Wamba LGA 303m, UngwaSharu in Lafia LGA recorded the highest figure in term of gully length 325m followed by Traffic in Wamba LGA 285m respectively. In term of gully in the study area, it recorded number 21.2m, traffic in Wamba LGA 20.3m, Gangare wawa in Wamba LGA and Akurba in Lafia LGA recorded the same figure 17.3m, respectively. Gully site in Mama, in Wamba LGA and Uke in Karu LGA of the study area, recorded the last figure 4m in width magnitude. In term of area, gully site in Marhai in Wamba LGA, Mararaba in Karu LGA and UngwaTiv. In Lafia LGA recorded the highest number 0.21m² and Adogi gully site in Lafia LGA recorded the last of 0.5m². Majority of the gullies in the study area are characterized by U-S shape cross-section 60% and V-shape 30% U and V-shape 10%. The findings also revealed the results of the mean value of volume of soil loss in the study area was 14200.39tonnes/ha in all the gullies in the study area. The mean values of large gullies length were 254.77, depth was 11.86, while that of very small gullies was length 65.16, depth was 4.66 and slope angle was 9.0. Gullies in the area are long- narrow linear to rectangular shaped. 55.6% of gullies are at their continuous stage of development while 44.4% of gullies were at their continuous stage of development.

Keywords: Erosion, Gully erosion, Morphometry and Morphology.

BOKO HARAM LEADERSHIP CONFLICT CRISIS BETWEEN ABUBAKAR SHEKAU, AL-BARNAWI AND MAMMAN NUR

Jibrin Ubale Yahaya

Department of Political Science

National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)

Email: jibrinubaleyahaya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: The crisis of Boko Haram has led  Nigerian security forces launched a military offensive targeting Boko Haram   on May 2013, as a security project called ‘’safe havens places’’ after Former President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in some states which includes Borno, Yobe and Adamawa in the Northeastern Nigeria. Despite an initial reduction in Boko Haram attacks, the militant group reestablished a base in Borno State, along Nigeria’s border with Cameroon, and killed more civilians than in any period since its first attack under leadership of Abubakar Shekau in September 2010.  Although Shekau is Boko Haram’s most visible leader, after the killing of Muhammed Yusuf by security personnel’s in Maiduguri. However, some group members of Boko Haram split and formed Ansaru group factions whose suggest that Shekau is not the only leader of Boko Haram. This Paper examines other militant leaders who contributed to the operational and ideological development of Boko Haram and Ansaru group, but specifically focuses on Abubakar  Shekau, Khalid Al-Barnawi and Mamman Nur. The paper has a  findings that Khalid Al-Barnawi and Mamman Nur are uniquely capable leaders whose  expanded  Boko Haram’s international connections to al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Al-Shabab, the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO),  Mokhtar Belmokhtar’s factions,  Al-Qa`ida core and other militant groups in Africa. At the local level, Al-Barnawi and mid-level commanders from Ansaru are likely operating with Shekau and Boko Haram, but Nur’s ideological disagreements with Shekau and have instructed his followers from not collaborating with Boko Haram on nature of operational attacks to civilians rather than the security operatives and other government functionaries. The paper has recommended that for security to be maintain in Nigeria, there is need for Nigerian Government to uses the division and crisis of leadership between the Boko Haram leaders to end the insurgent attacks embarks by Boko Haram groups to civilians and established collaborative security operative network between the neighboring countries of Cameroon, Chad and Niger Republic to end the Boko Haram menace. 

Keywords: Insurgents, Boko Haram, Terrorism leadership, Power Crisis