ASSESSMENT OF PEER GROUP INFLUENCE ON THE USE AND ABUSE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AMONG UNDERGRADUATES IN STATE AND FEDERAL UNIVERSITIES IN NORTHERN STATE, NIGERIA

*¹Aliyu, M., Abubakar Y., Abdullahi, Y., ²Lekunze, M.J., ²Wirba, I., and ²Dongs, I.S.

¹Department of Human kinetics and Health Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

²International University Bamenda, Cameroon

Email: draliyukutigi@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Peer group pressure plays a major role in influence of many youths into psychoactive substance use and abuse among youth especially the undergraduates Nigeria. The study investigated the peer group influence on the use/abuse of psychoactive substances among Undergraduates in selected State and Federal Universities in Northern Stale of Nigeria. One research question and one hypothesis guided the study. Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. 420 students were selected through a stratified random sampling technique from three federal and three state universities and subsequently used as respondents. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to determine the reliability coefficient and reliability of 0.96 was obtained. Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The findings revealed that the incidence of psychoactive substance abuse among the Undergraduates was real and persuasive. Furthermore, peer group influenced the use and abuse of psychoactive substances among Undergraduates in selected Federal and State Universities in Northern State, Nigeria. Based on the findings from the study, it was recommended that peer group influence should be monitored by the university authorities.

Key Words: Peer group, Psychoactive substances, Abuse and Undergraduates.

COMPARISON OF THE RAINING SEASON’S INCIDENCE OF MALARIA IN MICHIKA

Fami Elijah Pakka

Department 0f Biology

Adamawa State College of Education, Hong.

elijahfami@gmail.com

ABSTARCT:

This work is a compilation and processing of all malaria cases reported from June to October for two years, 2019 and 2020 at general hospital Michika, Adamawa State Nigeria. The aim of the study is to document and compare the incidence of malaria within the said period with regard to various age categorization, gender and the parasite density. A total of 2960 cases of malaria was reported, 1535 in 2019 and 1425 in 2020. In the year 2019, 34.7% of the cases were male while 52.64% were female, the remaining was not specified. With respect to age, 10% of the cases were age 5 and below, 12.75 were between 6 and 20, 25.93% were of age 21-50, 14.2% were 50 and above while the rest is no well documented. In relation to parasite density, 28.59% have a parasite density of positive 1, 55.44% have a parasite load of 2 positive, 1.17% has a density of 3 positive while the remaining was not well captured. In the year 2020, 37.54% of the cases were male while 57.12% were female, the rest was not captured. 6.39% of the cases were children of age 5 and below, 14.44% were of age 6-20, 26.88% were of age 21-50, 15.93% were of age 50 and above while the rest is not captured. With regards to parasite density, 19.65% have a parasite load of 1 positive, 53.82% have a parasite load of 2 positive, 0.56% have a parasite load of 3 was not well recorded.

Keyword: Malaria, Density, Gender, Age, Michika.

MINERAL AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND STORAGE CONDITION OF BREAK FAST CEREAL MADE FROM SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L) SOYBEAN (Glcyine max), BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (Vigna subterranean) AND GROUND NUT (Arachis hypogaea)

M.A Usman

Department of Food Science and Technology

Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Email: mohammedusmanatanda@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

In tropical developing countries where the supply of minerals and protein from animal source is inadequate to meet the rapid population growth, intense research efforts are currently directed towards identification and evaluation of food grains which normally have considerable high protein and mineral content.  The major objective of this research study is to investigate the mineral and amino acid composition and storage condition of breakfast cereal made from sorghum, soybean, Bambara nut and groundnut with a view to increase the nutrients content. Using standardized method, ten samples were formulated by mixing the flours in ratio of (Sorghum flour and 5% of malted sorghum flour) with graded levels of bambara nut flour (80:20, 70:30, 60:40); soybean flour (80:20, 70:30, 60:40) and defatted groundnut flour (80:20, 70:30, 60:40). The formulated flours were subjected to mineral and amino acid determination, microbial analyses, rancidity test and consumer acceptability. The results revealed that mineral composition of the formulated breakfast cereals showed that significant differences (p<0.05) exist between the samples in almost all the parameters studied. The calcium content of the products ranged from 124.54 to 411.36 mg/100g, with sample A (100% MSF+SF) having the lowest value and sample I (60% MSF+SF and 40% SBF) had the highest value. The iron content of the products ranged from 1.23 to 12.46 mg/100g. The magnesium content of the products ranged from 62.35 to 124.54 mg/100g, with sample A (100% MSF+SF) having the lowest value and sample I (60% MSF+SF and 40% SBF) had the highest value. The magnesium content of the products ranged from 62.35 to 124.54 mg/100g, with sample A (100% MSF+SF) having the lowest value and sample I (60% MSF+SF and 40% SBF) had the highest value. The phosphorus content of the products ranged from 84.54 to 365.65 mg/100g, with sample A (100% MSF+SF) having the lowest value and sample I (60% MSF+SF and 40% SBF) had the highest value. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the amino acid profiles of the developed breakfast cereals. The values increased with the increase in the level of the Bambara nut, soybean and defatted groundnut substitutions. The results reveal that the samples contained varying amounts of both essential and non-essential amino acids. The microbial examination of the products revealed different values for total bacteria count (TBC), total coliform count (TCC), and total fungi count (TFC). The TBC ranged from 3.85 x 10⁵ to 6.06 x 10⁵ cfu/ml, while the TCC ranged between 1.50 x 10⁵ to 3.36 x 10⁵ cfu/ml and the TFC ranged from 4.98 x 10⁵ to 9.77 x 10⁵. The peroxide value (PV) of freshly made samples had a mean value of 5.51 meq/kg, and the maximum PV that most of the samples attained during their course of storage was 6.90 meq/kg. The time when the samples exhibited the maximum PV. varied for each sample depending on the temperature as well as the storage condition. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using ANOVA while the means were separated by Duncan multiple range test. Sample F recorded superior score for appearance and aroma but textural characteristic comparable to sample D

FIVE-WEEK OF HIGH-INTENSITY CONTINUOUS RUNNING OF SHORT EXERCISE DURATION ON RUNNING AND AEROBIC ENDURANCE PERFORMANCES OF MODERATELY TRAINED LEISURE RUNNER: A CASE STUDY

Yahaya Abdullahi^1*, Nafeesah Wurno Bello, Talatu AUDU² & Rafiu OlaOluwa Okuneye³

¹ Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria  

² Department of Physical and Health Education, Federal College of Education, Zaria – Nigeria

³ Department of Human Kinetics, Sports and Health Education, Lagos State University, Ojo

^* Email: yahayaabdullahi@abu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT:

The purpose of this study was to examine the running performance and aerobic endurance following high-intensity continuous running (HICR) of short exercise duration in a moderately trained leisure runner. In this case study, a 42-yr-old moderately trained male leisure runner, with a pre-training relative maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) of 55.8 mL·kg^-1·min^-1, performed 10 min of HICR (90% to 95% of maximal heart rate (HR_max) 3 times·wk^-1, for 5 weeks. Following the training intervention period, time to exhaustion during a ~4 min to ~6 min treadmill ramp test procedure increased by 57 sec (23%), which indicates a substantial improvement in running performance. Velocity at VO_2max and velocity at lactate threshold increased by 1.8 km∙hr^-1 (13%) and 1.4 km∙hr^-1 (14%), correspondingly. Furthermore, the participant increased absolute and relative VO_2max by 0.33 L·min^-1 (9.5%) and 7.5 mL·kg^-1·min^-1 (13%), respectively. Oxygen pulse at VO_2max increased by 2.1 mL·beat^-1 (13%), and submaximal heart rate decreased by 12 beats·min^-1 (7.9%), while no notable change in running economy was observed, indicating an upsurge in maximal cardiac stroke volume. Moreover, the results indicated an upsurge in relative fat oxidation from ~36% to ~43% of the total energy turnover, which appeared to be due to the substantial improvement in relative VO_2max. It can be concluded that HICR of short exercise duration can be effective in improving running performance and aerobic capacity when the initial aerobic fitness level is moderate.

Keywords: Leisure runner, Maximal oxygen consumption, Time to exhaustion, Velocity at lactate threshold, Velocity at VO_2max,