Category Archives: International Journal of Medical Science and Applied Biosciences

HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE KIDNEY FOLLOWING ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF NEEM LEAF ON ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS

Nweke E.O,  Elemuo C. O, & Nweke T.M

Department of Anatomy

 Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Uli, Anambra State

Email: stanleyelemuo@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The plant, Azadirachtaindica, is a native of Asia but has now naturalized in West Africa and is widely cultivated in Nigeria as an ornamental as well as medicinal plant. The plant is used extensively in Nigeria for the traditional treatment of malaria and other associated conditions in the form of decoction, in which unspecified quantities are usually consumed without due regards to toxicological and other adverse effects. In the present study an attempt was made to investigate the histological and biochemical effects of aqueous extract of the leaves of neem (Azadirachtaindica) on the kidney of adult wistar rats for the period of 21 days. 16 animals weighing 100-163g were used and grouped into 4 groups of four (4) rats each. Group 1 served as the control and was fed with diet and tap water. Group 2, 3, 4 were the test groups and received 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of neem leaf respectively. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and their kidneys excised. The organ was processed for the normal hematoxylin and eosin staining. Histological examination of the kidneys of the test groups 2 and 3 revealed no distortion of the cytoarchitecture, but the group 4 revealed necrosis and decrease in the numbers of glomeruli. However, the control group revealed normal histological features of the kidney. It could therefore be suggested that large dose consumption of the leaves of Aazadirachtaindica (Neem) for long term should be avoided as it may cause malformation of some vital organs, like the kidney.

Keyword: Neem leaf, kidney, necrosis, wistar rats

ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITIES AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF COLIFORMS IN VARIOUS WELL WATERS IN IPETUMODU, OSUN STATE

Fakorede, Cecilia Nireti; Amuro, Grace Ifeoluwa; Odulana, Dorcas Sesede and Adeyemi, Oluwaseun Abayomi

Department of Biological Science

Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, P.M.B 5533, Ile-Ife, Osun State

Email:  fakorede.c@oduduwauniversity.edu.ng

Corresponding author: Fakorede, C.N.

ABSTRACT

According to World Health Organization guideline standards for total and faecal coliform in drinking water, the indicator of faecal contamination must not be detectable in any 100 ml of samples. Such water is not potable and drinking or using such water in food preparation leads to wide spread of acute and chronic illnesses. This study was conducted to determine the microbiological, physicochemical qualities and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli in various well waters in Ipetumodu, Osun state Southwestern Nigeria. A total of ten water samples labeled as A to J were collected from different locations in Ipetumodu city. The total bacterial count was determined by serial dilution and pour plate method, total and fecal coliform count and isolation were carried out using membrane filter technique. Identifications of isolates were done using cultural, Gram staining reaction and biochemical methods. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed using their various standard methods, the concentrations of some heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Total bacterial count ranged from 5.7 x 10³ CFU/ml to 6.7 x 10³ CFU/ml with the highest count obtained in sampling station G and J, and the least count in sampling station F. The total coliform count of the waters analyzed ranged 49 to 67 MF index of coliform/100 ml of the water samples. Fecal coliforms were detected in water sample of sampling station A, B, E, H, I and J only which range from 1.0 to 3.0 CFU/ml. From the water samples, eight genera of bacteria which include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp, Salmonella sp, Citrobacter sp, Enterococcus sp, Neisseria sp, and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. All isolates were found sensitive to Ofloxacin and resistant to Augmetin, Ceftzadime, Cefuroxime and Cefixime. The results obtained indicated that well waters are not safe for consumption and they were of poor bacteriological qualities indicative of health risk to the inhabitants of the city.

ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITIES AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF COLIFORMS IN VARIOUS WELL WATERS IN IPETUMODU, OSUN STATE

Fakorede, Cecilia Nireti; Amuro, Grace Ifeoluwa; Odulana, Dorcas Sesede and Adeyemi, Oluwaseun Abayomi

Department of Biological Science

Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, P.M.B 5533, Ile-Ife, Osun State

Email:  fakorede.c@oduduwauniversity.edu.ng

Corresponding author: Fakorede, C.N.

ABSTRACT

According to World Health Organization guideline standards for total and faecal coliform in drinking water, the indicator of faecal contamination must not be detectable in any 100 ml of samples. Such water is not potable and drinking or using such water in food preparation leads to wide spread of acute and chronic illnesses. This study was conducted to determine the microbiological, physicochemical qualities and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli in various well waters in Ipetumodu, Osun state Southwestern Nigeria. A total of ten water samples labeled as A to J were collected from different locations in Ipetumodu city. The total bacterial count was determined by serial dilution and pour plate method, total and fecal coliform count and isolation were carried out using membrane filter technique. Identifications of isolates were done using cultural, Gram staining reaction and biochemical methods. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed using their various standard methods, the concentrations of some heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Total bacterial count ranged from 5.7 x 10³ CFU/ml to 6.7 x 10³ CFU/ml with the highest count obtained in sampling station G and J, and the least count in sampling station F. The total coliform count of the waters analyzed ranged 49 to 67 MF index of coliform/100 ml of the water samples. Fecal coliforms were detected in water sample of sampling station A, B, E, H, I and J only which range from 1.0 to 3.0 CFU/ml. From the water samples, eight genera of bacteria which include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp, Salmonella sp, Citrobacter sp, Enterococcus sp, Neisseria sp, and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. All isolates were found sensitive to Ofloxacin and resistant to Augmetin, Ceftzadime, Cefuroxime and Cefixime. The results obtained indicated that well waters are not safe for consumption and they were of poor bacteriological qualities indicative of health risk to the inhabitants of the city.

DETERMINATION OF QUALITY DETERIORATION OF HYPENTENSIVE DRUG USING PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

Okon P. Akpan, Udeme U. Inyang, Akpan, E. Friday & Blessing I. Etim

 Department of Science Technology

Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene

Email: apostleop5family@yahoo.com

Corresponding authors: Okon P. Akpan

ABSTRACT

The electrical conductivity and pH of expired and non-expired hypertensive drugs were investigated. Two samples each of the expired and non-expired drugs were examined using conductivity meter (Kalinipkan) and pH meter (Corning 425). Out of the two samples measured, the non-expired Exforge HCT was observed to have the highest conductivity value of 620.00 µS/cm and expired Twynsta with the lowest conductivity value of 410.00 µS/cm. The high conductivity drug shows its measure of ionic concentration and activity. Also, the expired Exforge HCT had the highest pH of 7.25 and non-expired Twynsta had the lowest pH of 7.10. The measured pH value are not too far from the pH of a normal human biological system which lies in the range of 7.30 – 7.45. The result of this work shows that the pH values of the expired drugs are higher than those of the non-expired drugs. Similarly, the conductivity value of the non-expired drugs are higher than those of expired drugs; hence the conductivity and pH parameters can be used to characterized and monitor the quality of hypertensive drugs with the view of detecting quality deterioration and adulteration of the drugs.

Keywords: Electrical conductivity, pH, expired drugs, non- expired drugs.

GAVI-ALLIANCE ACTIVITIES AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS’ ROLES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Umar Ibrahim^1, & Umar Farouk Ismail²

¹Health and Human Services Secretariat, Federal Capital Territory Administration, FCDA Secretariat, 11 Kapital Road, Garki Area 11, Abuja-FCT

² World Health Organizations, Regional Office Jalingo, Taraba State

Email: umarsap@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI Alliance) in partnership with Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) saved several millions lives through immunization services, in line with Sustainable Development Goals number 3 (SDG 3) stipulations. Indeed, most of SDG 3 targets are vaccines and partnership dependent. As such, the article assessed the contributions of GAVI-Alliance in partnerships with CSOs by exploring GAVI Alliance activities, CSOs roles, challenges encountered and areas in need of further research on immunization in developing countries; utilizing desk top survey review approach for the narrative. GAVI Alliance had successfully support immunizations of over 500 million children, preventing around 7 million deaths. However, insecurity and inadequate financing among other challenges are identified as obstacles to successful implementation of immunization projects. Therefore, partnership among governance sectors, as demonstrated by GAVI Alliance is a sure means of meeting SDG 3 targets by 2030.

Keywords: GAVI-Alliance, CSOs, SDG 3, Vaccines, Partnership

TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS AND MANAGEMENT OF CHILDBIRTH RELATED RISKS IN ODIO COMMUNITY, EKET LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

Itimitang Wilson Etukudo

Department of Sociology/Anthropology

University of Uyo

Email: dritimitang@yahoo.com,itimitang8@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This study explores the understanding of childbirth related risks and their management among traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in six villages in Odio community of Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. A total of 30 TBAs were selected through the use of simple random sampling from the six villages. An in-depth interview technique was used in collecting information from the respondents. Findings from the study underscore that, quite contrary to popular views, TBAs are not unaware of the risks in obstetric care, and they rely on various strategies to negotiate the risks they face when providing maternity care. The TBAs could be a big asset in decreasing high rate of obstetric complications in the developing countries. To be effective they need to be trained in timely recognition and referrals of mothers at risk, cleanliness and be respected by doctors and nurses.

Keywords: Traditional Birth Attendants, obstetric risk, risk management, rural Nigeria. 

BODY MASS INDEX AND FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ILISHAN-REMO, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

Ani Ime F., Adeoye  Bolade K., Ajuzie Nnenna C.; Ngozi E. O. Oyekan J.           

 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics

Ben Carson Senior School of Medicine and Surgery

Babcock University, Ilishan- Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

Corresponding author:  Ani, Ime Franklin,

Email: anii@babcock.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

A total of 240 school children aged 7-12 years were used for this study. 120 were from public school and 120 were from private school. Structured questionnaire was administered to obtain information on children’s demographic data, family characteristics and consumption pattern. The height and weight of the children were measured using approved methods. BMI was calculated and WHO reference for height-for-age and BMI-for age were used to classify the children. Differential statistics were used to analyze the data. . Frequent consumption of cereal group was higher than other food group in both public school (70%) and (50%) private school. It was found that 8.3% of children in the public school do not consume milk at all and low consumption of fruits and vegetables are common among school children. Effects of family characteristics on BMI were also determined through linear regression analysis. Result obtained showed that stunting was prevalent in both schools as 45.8% had normal height in the public school and 50% had normal height in the private school. Overweight was more prevalent in the private school (50%) than in the public school (16%). However there was a high prevalence of underweight and thinness among the children from public (20.8% and 16.6%) school compared to private (16.7% and 8.3%). Combine contribution of family type, family size and parents occupation had a significant effect on the body mass index (BMI) of the children from both private and public schools (p<0.05). There is need for nutrition intervention in Ilishan -Remo   

Keywords: Body Mass Index, Dietary pattern, private and public schools

PRIMARY ORAL HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION AND REFERRAL FROM A PRIMARY ORAL HEALTH CARE FACILITY IN A RURAL NIGERIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

¹Amedari Mcking I*, ²Ogunbodede E. O., ³Adedigba M. A., ⁴Famro O. & ⁵Akinjiola O.

^1,2,3,5Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, OAU, Ile-Ife, Osun State 

⁴Department of Dental Surgery, FMC, Keffi, Nasarawa State

Email: mckingamedari@yahoo.com

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

To highlight the gender differences in oral health care utilization and referral patterns while taking into account the burden of oral diseases in an adult population as observed in a primary oral health care centre. The study was an observational retrospective study. Study participants were selected using a purposive sample of consecutive patients visiting the dental clinic from July 2004 to June 2017. Data collected from the patient records included the patient’s demographics (age, sex, and occupation), diagnosis, treatment given, referral and reason(s) for referral. Patients younger than 18 years of age were excluded from the study. The data were analysed using the SPSS version 20.0. A chi-squared test was performed to compare the differences between male and female utilization of the dental clinic. The significance level was set at P<0.05. The records of 1,168 patients were retrieved for the study. There was a slight preponderance of males (51%). The mean age distribution in years was 44.2 (S.D. ±18.25). Nineteen percent of the patients had visited the dental clinic more than once. Although more males visited the clinic more than once, there was no statistically significant difference in the dental service utilization between both genders (p>0.05). Nearly half (47.9%) of the patients required oral urgent treatment, while 19.3% of the patients were referred for specialized treatments. The role of the Primary Oral Health Care Centres (POHC) in providing oral urgent treatment was considerable. Nevertheless, there was a need to have an efficient and effective system of referral between the POHC Centre and Tertiary Hospital for the holistic management of patients. There was no significant gender difference in the dental service utilization.