Category Archives: International Journal of Medical Science and Applied Biosciences 2018

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Growth and Biocentration Studies of Phytochemical and Leaf Chlorophyll Composition of Manihot esculenta Crant Infected with African Cassava Mosaic Disease (ACMD)

Uboh, D. G., Sam, S. M., Edet, E. A. & Bassey, I. N. …………………….…… 1

Effect of Extraction Methods on the Storage and Physico-Chemical Properties of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis) and physic Nut (Jatropha curcas) Oils

Fatai Abiola Lateef & Chidimma Peace Asadu……..………………………..… 10

Atrazine and its Effect on the Structural Features of some Digestive Organs

Clement Kurulemve Okpora & Otiedhe, Ufuomavefe Fiona ………….……… 20

Leucocyte Counts of HIV Infected Children in Aba Metropolis

Godwin U. Ndukwe; Clement .K. Okpora &Smart E Amala……….…..…… 29

Integrating Therapeutic Techniques in the Design of a Drug Rehabilitation Center in Bayelsa

John Ockiya ……………………………………………………….………………. 41

Biodegradability of Unused Lubricating Engine Oils in Fresh Aquatic System

Lucky O. Odokuma & Vincent C. Wokem ……………………………….…… 52

The Effect of Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola) on Testosterone and the Histology of the Testes in male Albino Wistar Rats   

S.I Ovuakporaye & E.I.Odokuma ……………………………………………….. 65

Comparative Physico-Chemical Composition of Natural Honey Collected from Traditional Bee-Breeders in Ogun State

Adebowale, O. J., Salaam, H. A^. and Agboola, O. A. ……………………….…. 71

Growth and Biocentration Studies of Phytochemical and Leaf Chlorophyll Composition of Manihot esculenta Crant Infected with African Cassava Mosaic Disease (ACMD)

^*1Uboh, D. G., ²Sam, S. M., ¹Edet, E. A. & ³Bassey, I. N.

¹Department of Science Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua,

²Department of Biological Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden,

³Department of Botany and Ecological Studies, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

Email: ubohdg@yahoo.com                                                      

*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT

Mostly grown as a food source in Africa, cassava is the third largest source of carbohydrates in the world and it is considered as a staple food in most African countries. Despite its enormous potentials, African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) has been causing yield losses in this plant mostly for particular varieties under specific conditions. On the basis of this, it became necessary to probe more into the effects of ACMD on growth and biocentrations of phytochemical and leaf chlorophyll pigments of M. esculenta. Test plants were sourced and propagated in a completely randomized design method. Three months post cultivation the diseased and healthy plants were harvested and studied for growth performance using graphical method, weighing and linear measurements. The phytochemicals of both infected and uninfected plants were determined using standard methods as proposed by Association of Official Analytical Chemist whereas the chlorophyll pigments were evaluated by spectrophotometer. The results revealed that ACMD caused significant reductions (P<0.05) in all the growth parameters of M. esculenta when compared with healthy sample. The mean shoot height of 12.71 ± 0.31 cm was obtained in the diseased sample whereas the healthy sample had 28.0 ± 2.11 cm respectively. There were significant (P<0.05) increases and decreases in the amounts of phytochemicals following ACMD infection of M. esculenta. All the chlorophyll pigments measured were significantly reduced in ACMD infected plants. There is need to control the spread of ACMD through the use of resistant varieties and adoption of effective agronomic practice in all cassava growing regions.

Effect of Extraction Methods on the Storage and Physico-Chemical Properties of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis) and physic Nut (Jatropha curcas) Oils

Fatai Abiola Lateef & Chidimma Peace Asadu

Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Chemistry/ Biochemistry Unit

Federal Polytechnic P.M.B 1037 Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria

Email: peacechidi04@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Castor bean (R. communis) and Physic nut (J. curcas) are multipurpose shrub with a variety of applications and enormous economic potential for seeds oils, which can be converted into biodiesel (an alternative to petrol diesel),  biolubricant, transformer oil etc. . This study investigates the effect of extraction methods on the properties of Castor and physic nut oils obtained from two non-edible indigenous plants in Idah, Kogi state, Nigeria. The oils of Castor bean and Physic nut were extracted by two different methods; solvent using soxhlet extractor and   mechanical press. The physico- chemical properties of the oils such as moisture content (%), specific gravity, acid value (mg KOH/ g), refractive index, saponification value (mg KOH/ g), peroxide value (meq/kg) and iodine value (g/100g) were also determined within a period of six months. For castor oil the values ranged from 11.77-13.33; Nil – 2.86 (%); 0.8852 – 0.8900; 0.9507-0.9572; 5.07-8.67; 0.87-2.10 (mg KOH/ g); 1.4680-1.4586; 1.4770-1.4694; 178.03-154.90; 173.91-146.68 (mg KOH/ g); 3.57-7.77; 1.18-2.80 (meq/kg); 82.83-90.35; 81.24-89.64 (g/100 g) for solvent and mechanical press extraction methods respectively. For J. curcas oil, values range from 12.96-14.00; 2.00-3.77(%); 0.8778-0.8850; 0.9177-0.9246; 10.37-18.52; 11.50- 19.66 (mg KOH/ g); 1.4646-1.4541; 1.4688-1.4587; 208.55-176.45; 203.06-170.68 (mg KOH/ g); 6.31-9.65; 6.73-10.32 (meq/kg); 95.11-100.92; 93.35- 98.51 (g/100g) for solvent  and mechanical press extraction methods respectively. The values obtained in this study are within the standard range, whereas some have about 1% variation. The oils of castor bean and physic nut are non edible because they contain toxic substances; ricin, ricinine and phorbol esters respectively; but can be used for energy application, soap production, shampoo production, lubricant e.t.c.

Atrazine and its Effect on the Structural Features of some Digestive Organs.

Clement Kurulemve Okpora & Otiedhe, Ufuomavefe Fiona

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences

Rivers State University, P.M.B 5080 Nkpolu Port Harcourt

E mail:okpobrows2006@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Ortion in the columnar epithelia cells and in connective tissue of lamina propria. These findings were not observed in the control groups when both groups were compared. Based on the above findings the study therefore concludes that atrazine herbicide has deleterious effect on the organs of the digestive system. Keywords: Atrazine, Hepatocyte, Fumigation, Herbicide, Stomach and Intestine. This study was carried out to determine the effect of atrazine (triazine) herbicide on the structural features of some digestive organs. Twelve (12) Albino Wistar rats weighing 96.1kg – 99.9kg were divided into 4 groups. Two groups made up of four rats in each group were the experimental group while the remaining two groups made up of the same number of rats were for the control. The males were separated from the females. Experimental groups feed pellets were treated with 3 mls. of the herbicide. The rats were fed with the treated feeds for the period of 28 and 42 days after which the selected organs (liver, stomach and large intestine) were harvested. The control groups were also fed for the same period of time but the feeds were not treated with atrazine herbicide. The organs mentioned above were also harvested from the control groups. Histological analysis was carried out on the organs and the results showed irregularity of hepatic columns in the liver. Some hepatocytes have clear vacuolated cytoplasm and densely stained nuclei. Congestion of central vein which was as a result of uneasy flow of blood due to improper oxygenation and dilation of the blood sinusoids with the disappearance of the hepatocytic vacuolation which resulted to increased number of mitotic figures and prominent nuclei on rat liver exposed to atrazine for 28 and 42 days were also observed. There were damages in the mucosal layer and degenerative changes in columnar epithelial cells in the stomach of the experimental animals.  Fatty deposition in the basal region, top plate thinning on stomach exposed to the herbicides for 28 and 42 days were also noticed. The large intestine of the rats fed for 28 days with treated feeds showed detachment of epithelia layer from lamina propria while that of the rats fed for 42 days showed dist

Leucocyte Counts of HIV Infected Children in Aba Metropolis

¹Godwin U. Ndukwe; ¹Clement .K. Okpora & ²Smart E Amala Ph.D

¹ Department of Human Anatomy, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria

²Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences,Rivers State University Port Harcourt Nigeria

 E-mail:-okpobrows2006@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the leucocyte counts of children infected with HIV in Aba Metropolis.  The study population was 242 subjects recruited from Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba, Abia State.  They were made up of 121 children infected with HIV and 121 children not infected with HIV.  They were male and female children who visited the hospital for HIV screening test.  Those with HIV were the children that tested positive while those without HIV were the children that tested negative.  Their records were retrieved from the record section of the hospital.  Routine laboratory methods for the determination of white blood cell count, Differential count and CD4+ Cell Counts were used.  The result showed that the mean values for the parameters studied in both male and female children without HIV infection were higher than those of the children with HIV in all the age ranges, except the total white blood cell count that reverse were the case. For the CD4+ cell count, the mean values for the age range 5-9 years was the highest, followed by age range 1-4 years and lastly 10-14 years in both the male and female children. The study therefore concludes that the leucocytes counts in children without HIV infection were higher than those of the children with the infection and that this might be due to the fact that the virus attacks the cells thereby decreasing their number.

Keywords: Leucocytes, children, infection, human immunodeficiency, and Lymphocyte.

Integrating Therapeutic Techniques in the Design of a Drug Rehabilitation Center in Bayelsa

John Ockiya

Department of Architecture

Rivers State University, Port-Harcourt.

Email: johnockiya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Drug addiction is one of the worst global pestilence that affects virtually all sectors of society in the world. The widespread of this menace triggered the creation of agencies to fight drug peddlers and treatment centers for rehabilitation of the infected ones. However, these treatment centers were created focusing primarily on detention approach of treatment instead of medication and mind abstinence, neglecting the patients’ mental, psychological, social, and spiritual needs, which are the important ingredients that contribute towards achieving effective treatment. This study aimed to integrate therapeutic techniques in drug rehabilitation centre design For the purpose of this study, visual survey, observation checklists and structured interview were used as instruments of data collection. The design is intended to provide a model for a responsive drug rehabilitation center that facilitates drug addicts’ recovery.  It was recommended that the government should provide more treatment facilities that will help in drug abuse and also emphasize on making the centers more supportive and therapeutic and the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency(NDLEA) should collaborate with other stakeholders such as religious institutions and nongovernmental organizations to  counsel the society on issues of drug abuse.

Key words; Rehabilitation centre, Design, Drugs, therapeutic techniques, Integration

Biodegradability of Unused Lubricating Engine Oils in Fresh Aquatic System

Lucky O. Odokuma & Vincent C. Wokem

Department of Microbiology

University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The biodegradability of four unused lubricating engine oils (Total engine oil, Tonimas engine oil, Oando engine and Lubical engine oil) was investigated in fresh aquatic system obtained from Isokpo stream of Rivers State in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Biodegradability (mineralization) of the lubricating oil samples were monitored for a 56 – day period using the percentage ratio of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Olive oil served as a positive control while sodium azide served as a negative control. The results obtained indicated the following rate of mineralization, Total engine oil 5.3 percent, Oando engine oil 7%, Tonimas engine oil 16% and Lubicol engines oil 73%. Statistical analysis using ANOVA, showed that there was no significant difference (P=0.05) in the percentage mineralization of the engine oils. Result obtained from the viable bacterial and fungi counts, indicated higher total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) counts than total fungi (TF) counts, and higher hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) counts than hydrocarbon utilizing, fungi (HUF) counts. Characterization and identification test reveal that a microbial consortium comprising of the following genera; Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Microcosus, Proteus, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Arthrobacter were implicated in the biodegradation process in the fresh water source. Similarly the molds encountered in the degradation process were Aspergillus, Geotricum, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Fusarium and Candida species. Changes in the physicochemical parameters during the biodegradability monitoring period included, pH, temperature, alkalinity, conductivity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and inorganic carbon. Biodegradability result obtained indicated that the degradation of any petroleum product (engine oil) in the environment depends on interplay of many factors which includes; type of lubricating oil, microbial load/species present in the environment and physicochemical characteristics of the natural habitat. The results of this study have provided an insight into the biodegradability of some lubricating engine oils in fresh water ecosystem. Three out of the four petroleum lubricating engine oils investigated were not readily biodegradable, hence research into the production of biobased lubricating oils that are environmentally friendly, cost effective and efficient in performance like the petroleum base oils is recommended and as well as enhancing the biodegradation of these petroleum base lubricating oils that may spill into the environment.

Key Words: Biodegradability, Biodegradation, Lubricating Oil, Mineralization

The Effect of Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola) on Testosterone and the Histology of the Testes in male Albino Wistar Rats

¹S.I Ovuakporaye, ²E.I.Odokuma

¹Department of Human Physiology, Delta State University, P.M.B 001, Abraka, Nigeria

²Department of Anatomy and cell biology, Delta State University, P.M.B 001, Abraka, Nigeria

Email: simonovuakpo2006@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The study determined the effect of Garcina kola on testosterone and the histology of the testes in male albino wistarrats. Fifteen (15) male rats of the Wistar strain weighing 115g-220g were divided into groups of 3 (control, low dose, high dose) consisting of 5 male rats in each of the 3 groups to determine the effects of Garciniakola extract on testosterone. The control group was given only water and rat feed while the experimental groups of low dose and high dose were administered 5g/kg and 10g/kg respectively per body weight for a  period of 28 days. The rats were sacrificed and testosterone from the blood in these 3 groups, were studied. Statistical analyses of data were determined by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Post-hoc Turkey’s test. It was observed that the hormone testosterone from group 2 with values of 0.50 ±0.15 recorded a significant increase in testosterone when compared to group 1 (control)with values 0.29 ± 0.08,while group 3 with values 0.23 ± 0.08 recorded no significant changes in testosterone when compared with group 1 (control).

Keywords: Garcina kola, testosterone, histology of the testis, wistar rats

Comparative Physico-Chemical Composition of Natural Honey Collected from Traditional Bee-Breeders in Ogun State

*Adebowale, O. J¹., Salaam, H.A¹ and Agboola, O.A².

¹Department of Food Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 50, Ilaro, Ogun State.

²Department of Pure and Applied Biology, LAUTECH, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State.

* jimiolalekan@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Comparative studies on the physico-chemical composition of natural honey produced by traditional bee- breeders from the three senatorial districts in Ogun state were investigated. These districts were: Ogun-East, Ogun-Central and Ogun-West consisting of nine, six and five local government areas respectively. Double-stage multistage clustered sampling was used to carry out the studies on the selected six (6) local government areas that were finally chosen for the studies. Fresh natural honey samples were collected in sterile pet bottles and were analyzed for hydroxymethyfurfural, reducing sugar, pH, specific gravity, refractive index, total solids, titratable acidity, moisture and ash contents, and sucrose. Values range of 43.4 to 53.1(ppm); 70.2 to 76.4 (%); 2.73 to 3.74; 1.255 to 1.402; 1.446 to 1.448; 73.5 to 77.5(%); 0.62 to 1.63; 22.5 to 26.5 (%); 1.2 to 2.8 (%) and 3.23 to 4.72 (%) for hydroxymethyfurfural, reducing sugar, pH, specific gravity, refractive index, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, moisture, ash contents and sucrose respectively were recorded. Results obtained from the study however, showed that moisture and ash contents do not conform with the standards (Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union) in that, values obtained were higher the those of the standards. Conversely, data obtained for titratable acidity, refractive index, reducing sugars, sucrose and to some extent the hydroxymethyfurfural were in agreement with the standards. Generally, all the honey samples investigated were highly acidic with high total soluble solids (sugars) and hence, a good-preserve.

Keywords Physico-chemical composition, natural honey, senatorial district, hydroxymethyfurfural