Category Archives: International Journal of Medical Science and Applied Biosciences 2017

CONTENTS

Effects of Food and Feeding Habits on Proximate Composition of Silver Catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede) from the Fresh and Brackish Waters of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Essien, A. I., Joseph, I. I. & Christopher, P. R…………….………………………………..1

Influence of Drug Use, Religiosity and Broken Homes on Anti-Social Behaviour among Youths in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State

Edward Kuruku & Terwase Verse Lawrence…………………………………….……….21

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of the Bacterial Isolates in Post-Operative Wound Infections in Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria

^aDalhatu, A., ^bHayat, I. G.,. ^aAdelani,T. W;   ^cMuhammed, A.; ^aHadad , M. M. & ^aHamza, R……………………………………………………………………………..……….54

Awareness of Breast Cancer Screening among Female Nurses in Government Hospitals in Maiduguri Metropolis

¹Chiaghanam N.O., ²Hassan J. M. & ²Babale I……………..…………………….………62

The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Safe Sex Method among Undergraduate Students of Benue State University Makurdi

Edward Kuruku & Ama Stella Illumun……………..……………………………….……72

Comparative Neurobehavioural Effect of Vigna unguiculata decrease Anxiety Related Behaviour in Swiss White Mice

Aduema, W., ¹ Wariso, A.C² Agbai, J.U.³……………………………………………..…….97

Assessment of Level of Anxiety and Pain: A Case Study of Mammographic Examination at University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

¹Chiaghanam N. O.; ²Hassan J. M.& ²Farouk H. U…………………………….……….108

The Effect of Outliers on Linear Relationship between Mothers BMI and Infant Weight

 Nwanyanwu Promise Chima & Ette Harrison Etuk……………………………………120

Cognitive behaviour Techniques for Primary Insomnia. A Non-Randomized Study among University Students

Victor Moses & E. F. Adeniyi…………………………………………………….……..        138

Effects of Food and Feeding Habits on Proximate Composition of Silver Catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede) from the Fresh and Brackish Waters of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Essien, A. I., Joseph, I. I. & Christopher, P. R.

Department of Science Technology,

Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, P.M.B 1200, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria

Email: anthonyessien44@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Essien, A. I.

ABSTRACT

The food, feeding habits and proximate composition of silver catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus were investigated between February –April, 2017 from artisanal catch landings of the freshwater environment of Itu River and brackish water creeks of Oron in Akwa Ibom State using standard analytical procedures that established the dietary spectrum and nutritive profiles of the fish type. The freshwater catfish samples recorded mean food items of Euglena sp (2.51%) Paramecium sp (10.25%) for Bluegreen algae/cyanophyceae, Spirogyra sp (20.512%) for green algae/chlorophyceae, Asterionella sp (2.564%) for diatoms/Bacillariophyceae while Arthropoda had for Crustacea: Palaemon sp (2.564%); Insecta: Hemiptera (2.564%) and Cladocera: Moina sp (4.025%) and Bosmia sp (10.256%). Rotiferans were totally absent in the dietaries, while sand, mud, detritus and unidentified food items occurred in small proportions. The brackish water samples revealed Euglena sp (7.142%) and Paramecium sp (14.285%) as bluegreen algae/cyanophyta; Spirogyra sp (7.142%) for green algae/chlorophyceae; Keratella sp (7.142%) for Rotifera; Navicular sp (7.142%) as diatoms/bacillariophyceae; while Arthropoda had Moina sp (14.285%) and Bosmia sp (14.205%) in Cladocera; Arstacus sp (7.142%) and Palaemon sp (7.142%) as Crustacea; and Insecta with Orthopera (7.142%). The freshwater samples maintained Moina sp and Spirogyra sp as primary diets; while the brackish water samples had Paramecium sp, Moina sp and Bosmia sp. The proximate compositions derived from the eight dietary materials of freshwater samples revealed a moisture content of (76.63±0.189%), crude protein (63.99±0.270%), crude fat (24.69±0.10%), ash (5.15±0.032%), crude fibre (3.46±0.035%) and carbohydrate (3.05±0.656%), while caloric value was 490.37±2.458kcal. The brackish water samples which fed on ten food items recorded a moisture content of 77.18±0.061%, crude protein (65.16±0.104%), crude fat (23.69±0.056%), ash (5.21±0.010%) and crude fibre (3.55±0.21%). Carbohydrate content and caloric value were 2.39±0.061% and

483.42±0.222kcal respectively. The presence of sand, mud, detritus and unidentified food items in the guts beside other dietary food organisms showed that Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from both aquatic environments is a benthic omnivore with bentho-pelagic (swimming) ability to gather food materials from the bottom sediment to the water column. Also, the higher proximate values recorded in the study suggest that the brackish water catfish samples of Oron are more intritively richer in food values than the same fish type from the freshwater environment of Itu especially as nutrients richness of the habouring (aquatic) media largely influence proximate contents, growth tendencies, meatiness and marketability of any aquatic outputs used as food.

Keywords: Food, feeding habits, proximate composition, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, freshwater, brackish water.

Influence of Drug Use, Religiosity and Broken Homes on Anti-Social Behaviour among Youths in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State

Edward Kuruku & Terwase Verse Lawrence

Department of Psychology

Benue State University, Makurdi

Email: edwardkuruku@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Edward Kuruku

ABSTRACT

The study examined the influence of drug use, religiosity and broken homes on anti-social behaviour among the youths in Makurdi metropolis. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) youths, comprising 89(62%) males and 61(37%) females, aged between 15 and 35 years and a mean age of 26 years from different locations within Makurdi metropolis participated in the study. The objective of the study among other is to find out if drug users engage in anti-social behaviour more than non-drug users. To find out whether youths low in religiosity engage in antisocial behaviour more than those high in religiosity and to also find out whether youths from broken homes engage in antisocial behavior more than those from non-broken homes. The study adopted a cross-sectional design survey, with three main factors; drug use (drug users vs non-drug users) religiosity (high religiosity vs how religiosity) and broken home (broken vs non-broken homes). The instrument for data collection was standardized questionnaire; the study was guided by four hypotheses. Data from respondents were analysed using independent t-test and independent t-test. The analysis was done using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). The result of findings shows a significant difference between drug users and non-drug users. Result shows a significant difference between youths who are high in religiosity and lowly religious. It also shows a significant difference between youths from broken homes and non-broken homes. Further results show no significant difference between male and female youths involvement in anti-social behaviours. The study finally recommends among others, the implementation of a more comprehensive public enlightenment on drug use, creating of more drug rehabilitation centres, also further researches should attempt investigating to identify the specific ages at which the participants might have experienced broken homes.

Keywords: Drug use, Abuse, Religiosity, Broken homes, Antisocial Behaviour, Youths-Makurdi.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of the Bacterial Isolates in Post-Operative Wound Infections in Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria

^aDalhatu, A., ^bHayat, I. G.,. ^aAdelani,T. W;   ^cMuhammed, A.; ^aHadad , M. M. & ^aHamza, R.

^aDepartment of Nursing Sciences, Bayero University Kano

^bDepartment of Nursing Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

^cDepartment of  Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria  

 E-mails: adamudalhatu206@gmail.com, profandnafs@yahoo.com

Corresponding Author:Dalhatu, A.

ABSTRACT

Bacterial post-operative wound infection has been known to be the most common complication of abdominal surgeries in both low and middle income settings with significant increased costs, morbidity and potential mortality. Documenting the agents of abdominal wound infection and prescribing the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern will go a long way in reducing this burden. This study aimed at documenting the organisms implicated in abdominal wound Infections and prescribing their antibiotic sensitivity pattern at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano.A prospective design was employed to conduct the study. Swabs of the clinically infected wounds detected in a population of 60 consecutively studied patients were taken, and samples were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar media and incubated aerobically and anaerobically for 48 hours. Isolation and identification of the organism was done by standard microbiological methods.  Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was also determined for the aerobic organisms cultured. 10(16.6%) of the 60 patients studied developed surgical site infections, based on clinical criteria and 8(13.3%) based on bacteriological criteria. E.Coli, Klebsiella and Staphlococcus aureus were the most frequently cultured aerobic organism in  25% (n=2 ) of the cultures, while  Pseudomonas spp  and Proteus were  in  7.5% (n=1) . Over 80% of the organisms demonstrated less than 50% sensitivity to the tested antibiotics. The study showed that gram -negative bacteria are the major agents of abdominal surgical site infections  and a high level of antimicrobial resistance 75-100% was observed in gram negative bacterial isolates  and therefore, recommend that  rational use of antibiotics and a regular monitoring of  patients  in post-operative wound infections are essential.

Keywords: Bacterial Isolates, Surgical Wounds, Infection, Surgery

Awareness of Breast Cancer Screening among Female Nurses in Government Hospitals in Maiduguri Metropolis

¹Chiaghanam N.O., ²Hassan J. M. & ²Babale I.

¹Department of Radiography and Radiological Science, University of Calabar, Calabar

²Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri

Email: nochiaghanamm@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Chiaghanam N.O

ABSTRACT

Awareness of breast cancer screening among female nurses in government hospitals in Maiduguri metropolis, to evaluate the knowledge of breast cancer and breast cancer risk factors, to assess the knowledge of breast cancer screening methods and early detection measures and determine the factors that influences the practice of breast screening. Materials and methods: two hundred and eighteen questionnaires was administered and retrieved. Data analysis was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages were generated). Respondents were within the age range of 18 and 67. 18-27 had the highest frequency 77 (38.9%).Majority of them 158 (78.9%) obtained a diploma certificate. two third of the nurses (75.2%) had a good knowledge regarding the overall warning signs of breast cancer and (51.3%) had good knowledge of breast cancer risk factors. Nearly all of the respondents (90.4%) knew how to perform breast self-examination However, only 113(71.5%) practice it on a monthly basis. Knowledge and practice of clinical breast examination was very poor among the female nurses. Only 2.0% of the participants knew the exact time to start CBE. There was a very poor knowledge regarding mammography as only 13.8% of the participants knew the recommended age to start. Only 6.8% of them had mammography. Majority of the participants were not practicing breast cancer screening because they have no sign/symptoms of breast cancer. Knowledge of breast cancer was satisfactory however; the knowledge of the screening methods and practice was very poor especially the knowledge and practice of clinical breast examination and mammography.

Keywords: Awareness, breast cancer, screening methods and practice.

Comparative Neurobehavioural Effect of Vigna unguiculata decrease Anxiety Related Behaviour in Swiss White Mice

Aduema, W., ¹ Wariso, A.C² Agbai, J.U.³

¹ Department of Human Physiology, Gregory University, Uturu, Abia State

² Department of Human Physiology, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria

³ Department of Human Anatomy, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria

Email:Wadioniaduema@gmail.com.

Corresponding Author: Aduema, W.

ABSTRACT

The effects of long term administration of Vigna unguiculata on anxiety related behavior in mice was studied. A total of 40 Swiss mice (male &female) were used for the experiment. They were randomly assigned into four groups (Control, Cooked beans, Uncooked beans and Serotonin precursor group) containing ten (10) mice each for the tests on neurobehaviour. Group 1 served as the control and was fed normal rodent chow only. Group II and Group III were fed (50% w/w) cooked and uncooked beans diet while Group IV was placed on serotonin precursor (5-HTP) diet (0.2mg/50g) respectively and clean drinking water ad libitum for 30 days. The light/dark transition box was used to access anxiety and fear related behavior. The group treated with cooked and uncooked beans had lower anxiety related activity compared to control, as seen in light chamber duration and grooming activities, etc .In conclusion, long term administration of Vigna unguiculata decreases anxiety and fear related activities in mice.

The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Safe Sex Method among Undergraduate Students of Benue State University Makurdi

Edward Kuruku & Ama Stella Illumun

Department of Psychology

Benue State University, Makurdi

Email: edwardkuruku@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Edward Kuruku

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes and practice of safer sex methods among the undergraduate students of Benue State University, Makurdi. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of 188 participants were selected 42(22%) males and 146(78%) females participated in the study. The research employed a safe sex questionnaire which was developed by DKT international; Colleen Dilorio, (2009) in Turkey. The statistical analysis involved the use of independent t-test and simple linear regression. Three (3) hypotheses were tested and were confirmed. The result of the first hypothesis which the independent t-test was used revealed that there is significant difference between male and female on the practice of safe sex methods. The second hypothesis where the simple linear regression was used showed a significant influence of knowledge of safe sex methods on practice of safe sex methods. The result of hypothesis three also where the simple linear regression was used shows that, there is no significant influence of attitude towards safe sex methods. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that government ministries, international organizations, donor agencies, non-governmental organizations, religious bodies and the business sectors should help in creating awareness through campaigns making more people know how to engage safer sex so as to prevent the spread of dreaded sexually transmitted diseases.

Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, practice, safe, sex, method

Assessment of Level of Anxiety and Pain: A Case Study of Mammographic Examination at University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

¹Chiaghanam N. O.; ²Hassan J. M.& ²Farouk H. U.

¹Department of Radiography and Radiological Science, University of Calabar, Calabar

²Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri

Email: nochiaghanamm@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Chiaghanam N. O

ABSTRACT

Assessment of level of anxiety and pain: A case study of mammographic examination at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital helps to identify the causes of anxiety and pain among women presenting for mammography and to determine factors associated with anxiety and pain among the study group. A total number of thirty (30) questionnaires were administered to 30 women waiting to undergo mammography. The questionnaire consists of demographic data about the subjects with Likert scale of anxiety administered both before and after the procedure whereas visual analogue scale utilized after the examination to assess level of pain. Generally the study shows that nineteen participants (63.6%) were noted to have anxiety prior to the procedure as opposed to 11 (36.7%) who were free of anxiety before the procedure. In addition, there was reduction of anxiety to 50% after procedure with equal number of participants assessed to be free of anxiety post-procedure. Sixteen patients (86.7%) were assessed to have experienced various levels of pain after the procedure. The proportions of various levels of pain comprising mild, moderate, severe were 56.7%, 23.3% and 6.7% respectively. The study found a significant proportion of women with anxiety during mammography and an equally significant numbers experiencing pain related to the procedure. In addition, education had significant influence on the reasons for mammography (p Value 0.036) but it had no influence on benefits of mammography, pre-procedure anxiety, post-procedure anxiety and post-procedure pain as the p Values recorded were, 0.682, 0.422, 0.128 and 0.362 respectively.

The Effect of Outliers on Linear Relationship between Mothers BMI and Infant Weight

Nwanyanwu Promise Chima & Ette Harrison Etuk

Department of Mathematics,

Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Email: etuk.ette@ust.edu.ng

Corresponding Author: Ette Harrison Etuk

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of outliers on the linear regression model describing the relationship between mother’s body mass index BMI and infant weight. The weight and height of 240 mothers were collected along with the weight of their infant. A linear model was developed using simple linear regression. The model showed that the mother’s BMI has a significant effect on the weight of infant as the mother’s BMI accounted for 76.8% of the variability in infant’s weight. The regression model was tested for outliers using two methods, Data Trimming and Winsorization. Two outlier free models were developed based on the two methods used in treating the outliers and the result showed higher coefficient of determination 94.3% and 79.3% respectively and therefore more fitness than the initial model. Thus the result showed that outliers have an effect on the model as it reduced the coefficient of determination and thus its goodness of fit.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR TECHNIQUES FOR PRIMARY INSOMNIA. A NON-RANDOMIZED STUDY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Victor Moses, PhD & Prof. E. F. Adeniyi

Department of Educational Psychology & Counseling

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Email: efadeniyi@yahoo.com, gstatconsulting@yahoo.com

Corresponding Author: Victor Moses, PhD

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of cognitive behavior techniques on insomnia among university students. In order to achieve this, a non-randomized design involving pretest posttest experimental/control group was used and a total sample size of twenty-four volunteered students(cognitive-behavior technique = 12, control group= 12), with a mean age of 25.3, who were identified with primary insomnia condition were purposively selected and used for the study. The intervention (stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene education, and cognitive technique) administered lasted for a period of six weeks. The outcome measure used was the insomnia severity index, which was filled at pre and post intervention stages to assess treatment outcome. The data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions while the null hypotheses were tested using one-way between group analyses of covariance. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS v24) was used for the analysis. After adjusting for the covariate, finding suggests a significant effect of cognitive behaviour techniques, F(1,21) = 22.416, p= .000, in reducing insomnia among university students, with cognitive behaviour techniques producing a within group average remission of about 65% when compared to 9% for the control group. The study did not find significant differential effect of cognitive behaviour techniques, F(1,9) = .106, p= .752, in reducing insomnia of male compared to female university students. Both male and female students reported 65% and 66% decrease respectively. Based on these findings, the study concludes that six weeks CBT successfully decrease primary insomnia among students. It is therefore, recommended that psychologists and counsellors should explore the benefits of cognitive behaviour techniques for insomnia to help students manage their sleep difficulty since the techniques show good level of effectiveness without significant gender bias.