Category Archives: International Journal of Medical Science and Applied Biosciences 2017

CONTENTS

Proximate Compositions, selected Minerals and Shelf Life of Garri fortified with Pretreated Moringa Leaves

Ilori O. A;   Afuape A. O; Nupo S. S…………….………………………………….1

Proximate Composition and Microbial Quality of Street-Vended Roasted Yam and Plantain from Nekede Communities in Imo State

Uneanya, G. C.; Ohaegbulam, P. O. & Onyejekwe, C. C……………………….11

Effects of Different Sperm Extenders on the Fertility, Hatchability and Survival of Clarobranchus

Onyia, L. U., I. J. Ochokwu& Mohammed, U…………………………………….19

Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Growth, Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens fed Processed Senna Occidentalis Seed Meal

Antyev, M. Nyameh, J. Shaahu, D. T., Highest, E. C. & Uduak, W………….….30

Phytochemical Screening of Some Plants used in the Treatment of Gastroenteritis (Kurga) and Fungus Rash (Amakiakia) in Plateau State

Chundusu E. S. Ajayi O. R., Chup J. A. & Daniel V. N…………………………41

Effect of Thyroxine and Testosterone on Body Weight and Gonad of Gonadectomized and Chemically Thyroidectomized Male Rain Quail, Coturnix coromandelica

Anjali Srivastava, Eshita Pandey & Sabina Khanam……….…………………..49

Effects of Aqueous Extract of Bitter Kola(Garcinia Kola) on the Pregnancy Outcome and Early Postnatal Development of the Offsprings of Diabetic Pregnant Rats

Chioma Nwakanma & Eze, V. N………………………………………………….59

Functional Apparel needs of Lactating Mothers in Taraba State, Nigeria

NzutaVahey Janet……………………………………………………………………69

Plants Composition and Identification of Phytocomponents in a Polyherbal Formulation used in Southeast Nigeria

Ijioma, S. N., Osim, E. E., Nwankwo, A. A., Nwosu, C. O., Nwankudu, O. N.; Igwe, K .K. & Nwawuba, I. N……………………….………………………………83

Proximate Compositions, selected Minerals and Shelf Life of Garri fortified with Pretreated Moringa Leaves

¹Ilori O. A;   ²Afuape A. O; ³Nupo S. S

^1,3 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mooshood  Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta

² Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta

Email: sundaynupo@yahoo.com

Corresponding Author: Nupo S. S

ABSTRACT

Food Enrichment is an integral part of improving the nutritional quality of food. This study was carried out to fortify garri with dried and weight Moringa oleifera leaves.  Three different mix ratios of Cassava flour (Garri) to Moringa leaves (25: 75, 50:50 and 100%) were used. The proximate composition, Selected mineral analysis such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron , phosphorus,  copper and bacterial count of the blends were determined using standard methods. The proximate composition of the dried moringa fortified ‘Garri’  showed increase in crude fat, crude fibre, ash and crude protein as the level of substitution increased respectively (0.205-1.865%), (1.657-3.775%), (4.650-8.508%). The mineral composition of wet moringa leaves with garri for Calcium (196.04-218.50mg/100g), Magnesium (150.25-165.20 mg/100g), Potassium (429.80-587.95 mg/100g), Iron (4.12- 5.90 mg/100g), Phosphorus (130.02-152.00.ppm) and Copper (4.50-6.05ppm).The proximate and mineral profile of the fortified ‘garri’ increased significantly (P≤0.05).Product 25:75 weight moringa fortified garri is relatively the most stable of all, followed by 2.5 dried moringa fortified  hence recommended microbiologically. This study showed that garri can be fortified with moringa leaves to improve its nutritional quality, hence government, individual and nongovernmental organization should promote the fortification of garri with moringa leaves.

Keywords: Food Enrichment, proximate composition, minerals, moringa leaves and nutritional quality

Proximate Composition and Microbial Quality of Street-Vended Roasted Yam and Plantain from Nekede Communities in Imo State

Uneanya, G.C.; Ohaegbulam, P.O. & Onyejekwe, C.C.

Department of Food Technology,

Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Imo State, Nigeria

Email: gennyuneanya@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Uneanya, G.C

ABSTRACT

Proximate composition and microbial qualities of street-vended roasted yam and plantain from three different sources in Nekede (Umuerim, Umunkoto and Umuokomoche) were evaluated. The proximate analysis of the roasted yam/plantain samples were Moisture content 39.00-43.08/48.58-49.033%, Dry matter 56.92-60.97/50.687-51.417%, Ash 1.82-2.147/ 1.727-2.0467%, Crude Protein 3.63-3.887/2.947-3.1467%, Ether extract 8.53-10.67/6.91-9.7467%, Crude fibre 2.173-2.423/1.803-1.91% and Carbohydrate 38.6-44.14/34.443-37.233% respectively. The outcomes of microbiological assessment indicated a range of2.50 x 10³-2.89 x 10⁴/ 7.5 x 10³-3.64 x 10⁴cfu/g as heterotrophic counts for roasted yam and plantain samples respectively. Fungal counts range between 2.21 x 10²-2.76 x 10⁵/ 1.06 x 10⁵-2.69 x 10⁵cfu/g respectively for the roasted yam and plantain samples. All determinations were in three replicates. The values obtained in the microbial assessment suggest concerns with regular consumption of such food items stemming from handling/ preparatory practices of the vendors.

Keywords: Roasted yam, roasted plantain, proximate analysis, pathogenic micro-organisms, food safety.

Effects of Different Sperm Extenders on the Fertility, Hatchability and Survival of Clarobranchus

Onyia, L.U.¹, I. J. Ochokwu² & Mohammed, U¹.

¹Department of Fisheries, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, PMB 2076, Yola

² Departments of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University, Dutsinma, PMB 5001

Email: uchelucky@mautech.edu.ng; luconyia@gmail.com

  Corresponding Author: Onyia, L.U.

ABSTRACT

This study assessed the effects of natural extenders on the spermatozoa of African giant catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias gariepinus) hybrids, with the intent of determining the effect of the different sperm extenders on fertility, hatchability, survival, and growth of H. bidorsalis x C gariepinus. Semen samples (milt) were extracted from mature broodstock males. Soybean milk, sugarcane and saline solution were used to preserve obtained semen at temperatures 4°C for 0, 3 and 6 hours respectively. The different trials were used to fertilize readily counted eggs. Fertility was evaluated 2-3hours after fertilization. Saline solution had the highest (57.50±7.5) after 6 hours of exposure, followed by Soya bean milk (55.00±5.00) and Sugar cane had the least (47.5±2.50⁾. The eggs began to hatch from 19 hours, Soybean milk had the best results at 0 hour (52.50±2.50), followed by Sugarcane (42.50±2.50) but at 6 hours the control had the best (25.00±7.50). Percentage survival of the hatchlings were evaluated for two weeks and at the end of the 14^th days, sugarcane solution had the highest percentage survival (94.00±5.00) with the extended semen fertilized at the sixth hour of exposure while saline solution had (85.00±5.00). From the results natural extenders could be used by hatchery managers as an alternative during fish breeding.

KEYWORDS: Saline water, sugarcane water, soybean milk, spermatozoa, fertilization, Clarobranchus

Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Growth, Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens fed Processed Senna occidentalis Seed Meal

¹Antyev, M.; ¹ Nyameh, J.; ²Shaahu, D.T.;  ¹Highest, E. C. & ¹Uduak, W.

¹Department of Animal Production Technology College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 1025 Jalingo, Taraba State-²Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria

Email: juliusfnyameh@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Nyameh, J.,

ABSTRACT

The effect of processed Senna occidentalis seed meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, Haematology and Serum biochemistry of broiler chickens were investigated on an 8 – weeks Anak-2000 broiler chicks in a group of 30 chicks per diet with 3 replicates of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design (CRD). The diets consist of a control (0%), 5.0%, 10.0% and 15.0% for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The Senna occidentalis before inclusion in the diets was boiled for 1hour: 30 min and properly dried and grounded into meal for eight weeks, data were collected on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. At the end of the experiment, 6 birds were randomly selected from each treatment and slaughtered to determine the effect of processed Senna occidentalis seed meal on carcass characteristic and internal organs weight. Blood samples were also collected from 6 birds were in each treatment for haematological and biochemical studies. Results from growth performance revealed that all the growth parameters were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the inclusion levels of PSOSM but T3 had a better weight gain, while T4 recorded a better FCR (1.93).The values of carcass characteristic and internal organs weight also showed no significant (P>0.05) effects across treatments but variations were observed in the values obtained for gizzard. Supplementation levels of PSOSM did not affect the hematological and biochemical values except for urea. Therefore for better performance it is imperative that Senna occidentalis seed meal be included in broiler diet up to 5%.

Keywords: Senna occidentalis, Broiler, Performance, Haematology Carcass Characteristics

Phytochemical Screening of Some Plants used in the Treatment of Gastroenteritis (Kurga) and Fungus Rash (Amakiakia) in Plateau State

Chundusu E. S.;  Ajayi O. R.; Chup J. A. & Daniel V. N.

Department of Science,

Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin Ladi

Email: chundusu2001@yahoo.com

Corresponding Author: Chundusu E. S.

ABSTRACT

‘Kurga’ and ‘Amakiakia’ are two common children diseases that have been claiming lives of children on the Plateau. Most parents resulted to using some plants found in the area for the treatment of these illnesses without any available data of the composition of the plants. In an attempt to establish the pharmacological rational for the traditional use of Parkia biglobosa, Acalypha amentacea and Khaya senegalensis seed oil for the effective management of several illnesses including gastroenteritis (kurga) and fungi rash (Amakiakia), the stem-bark of Parkia biglobosa, leaves of Acalypha amentacea and Khaya senegalensis seed oil were subjected to phytochemical screening using the standard method.  This qualitative analysis revealed that Acalypha amentacea leaves contained saponins, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and terpenes.  The stem-bark extract of Parkia biglobosa contained saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids.  The Khaya senegalenis seed oil contains steroids, cardiac glycosides and terpenes.  Acalypha amentacea contained most of the phytochemicals analyzed while Khaya senegalensis seed oil contained the least.  All these plants contain bioactive compounds that could have been responsible for their pharmacological effects in the treatment of gastroenteritis (kurga) and Fungus rash (Amakiakia).  The result of this study has shown that these plants can be seen as a potential source of useful drugs; a mixture of two or the three may be more effective in the treatment.  Therefore, further work should be carried out on the Isolation, quantification and purification of active constituents of interest.

Keywords: Kurga, Amakiakia, Gastroenteritis, Fungus Rash, Phytochemical Screening

Effect of Thyroxine and Testosterone on Body Weight and Gonad of Gonadectomized and Chemically Thyroidectomized Male Rain Quail, Coturnix coromandelica

¹Anjali Srivastava, ¹Eshita Pandey & ²Sabina Khanam

¹Department of Zoology, D.G. College, Kanpur, India

²Department of Biological Sciences, Yobe State University, Nigeria

Email: sabinakhanam@ymail.com

Corresponding Author: Sabina Khanam

ABSTRACT

The role of thyroid may vary with species sex and phase of the annual cycle. We investigated in the present work the effects of thyroxine and testosterone on body weight and gonad in gonadectomized and chemically thyroidectomized male Rain quails (Coturnix coromandelica) for a period of ten days. Body weight decreased significant in chemically thyroidectomized birds treated with testosterone. In intact and chemically thyroidectomized groups significant reduction in testis weight was found in sub-group B and C when compared to control sub-group.

Keywords: Testosterone, Rain Quail, Body weight, Thyroxine

Effects of Aqueous Extract of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) on the Pregnancy Outcome and Early Postnatal Development of the Offsprings of Diabetic Pregnant Rats

¹Chioma Nwakanma & ²Eze, V. N.

¹Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology,

Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

²Department of Biological Sciences, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu State, Nigeria

Email: dr.nwakanmac@gmail.com

Corresponding Author: Chioma Nwakanma

ABSTRACT

Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) is a medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmacological effects including antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. In this study, the effects of aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seed on the pregnancy outcome and early postnatal development of the offspring of pregnant diabetic and non-diabetic rats was studied. Forty (40) female rats were used. Pregnancy was induced in all the rats, and diabetes induced in twenty (20) making two groups; pregnant diabetic and pregnant non-diabetic. These two groups were further subdivided into four groups of five rats each receiving different concentrations of the extract as follows; control, 100mg, 200mg, and 300mg/kg of body weight. The extract was administered orally as a single dose daily throughout gestation. The extract caused a reversal of the significant reduction of weight gain and significantly increased weight gain among the pregnant diabetic rats. It also significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose concentration in the hyperglycemic diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner to values close to normal. These may be due to the insulinogenic effect of kolaviron an active principle of Bitter kola The extract significantly increased the litter size among the diabetic pregnant rats in a dose-dependent manner when compared with their control that showed a statistically significant reduction in litter size. This observed effect of the extract may be because of the anti-oxidative stress effects of kolaviron and ascorbic acid (constituents ofBitter kola) observed in previous studies. The extract also reduced the birth weight, excessive early post natal growth, and the high fasting blood glucose concentration on the weaning (21st) day, among the offspring of diabetic rat in a dose-dependent manner when compared with those of the diabetic pregnant control group. These may be due to the blood glucose lowering effect of the aqueous extract of Bitter kola seed among their mothers which leaves little or no excess glucose for the fetus to absorb and as such avert the major complications of diabetic pregnancy. The result of this study suggests that Bitter kolamay have a protective effect against the adverse effects of diabetes in pregnancy on both the mother and the offspring.

Keywords: Acute toxicity, phytotherapy, diabetes mellitus, animals, pregnancy, birth defects

Functional Apparel needs of Lactating Mothers in Taraba State, Nigeria

NzutaVahey Janet

Department of Home and Rural Economics

Taraba State College of Agriculture, P.M.B 1025, Jalingo

ABSTRACT

The major purpose of this study was to develop functional apparels for lactating mothers. In order to achieve this, ten specific purposes were stated to guide the study; eight research questions were posed while seven null hypotheses were formulated. The study adopted Research and Development (R and D) design and was carried out in Taraba State, Nigeria. The population for this study was 1475 respondents comprising of 1239 lactating mothers between the ages of 18-34, 162 Nurses, 34 Home Economics Extension Workers and 40 Registered Fashion Designers. Multi-stage and disproportionate stratified random sampling techniques were used to select 288 subjects for the study. Instruments for data collection in the study were Interview Schedule for Nurses on Need Assessment (ISNNA), Functional Apparel Needs Assessment Questionnaire for Lactating Mothers (FANAQLM), Interview Schedule for Home Economics Extension Workers and Fashion Designers on Need Assessment (ISHEFDNA). Focus Group Discussion (FGD) for Lactating Mothers on Need Assessment (FGDLMNA) and Questionnaire for Evaluation of Functional Lactating Apparels by Judges and user models (QEFAJUM).The instruments were subjected to face validation by five experts, two experts from the Department of Home Economics and Hospitality Management Education; one from Measurement and Evaluation, Department of Science Education; all of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. One from College of Agriculture, Jalingo and one from Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi. In order to determine the reliability of the research instruments, the questionnaire (FANAQLM and QEFAJUM) were trial tested by administering thirty copies of the questionnaire to 30 respondents from Plateau State. The FANAQLM yielded reliability index of 0.85, 0.78, 0.93, 0.81, 0.66 and 0.86 for clusters A, B, C, D, E and F respectively and an overall reliability index of 0.91 was determined for the instrument and QEFAJUM yielded a reliability index of 0.94. This was done using Cronbach alpha reliability method. Based on the geographical spread of the population across the State, four research assistants from the Home Economic Section of College of Agriculture Jalingo who know the terrain of the study area were instructed on how data should be collected for the study while the researcher coordinated the activities of the four research assistants and collated the retrieved questionnaire after the period of administration for data analysis. All the instruments administered to the respondents were returned which represent 100% return rate. Mean and standard deviation were used for answering the research questions while ANOVA was used to test hypotheses 1-6 and t-test statistics was used in testing hypothesis 7, all at 0.05 level of probability. The findings of the study showed that lactating mothers engaged in 15 various operations/activities involved in lactation, there are 12 functional apparels’ needs for lactating mothers, there are 19 design criteria to be adopted to produce functional apparels to accommodate the needs/activities performed by lactating mothers, there are nine functional and five aesthetic design features preferred by the lactating mothers, there are four functional openings with fastening needs for easy and discreet lactation. Based on the findings of the study, seven functional apparels were developed and coded for easy identification. Therefore, the researcher recommends that clothing manufacturers, designers and entrepreneurial should recognize functional apparel needs for lactating mothers during their process of construction. They should also consider fashion, aesthetic, fit, fabric and design in conjunction with functionality of the lactating apparels. They should provide diverse sizes assortment for the lactating mothers. 

Plants Composition and Identification of Phytocomponents in a Polyherbal Formulation used in Southeast Nigeria

¹Ijioma, S. N., ²Osim, E. E., ³Nwankwo, A. A., ¹Nwosu, C. O., ¹Nwankudu, O. N.; ¹Igwe, K.K. & ⁴Nwawuba, I. N.

1Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,  Abia State

²Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Cross River State

³Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu

⁴Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Abia State

Email: ijiomasolo@yahoo.co.uk

Corresponding Author:Ijioma, S. N.

ABSTRACT

A polyherbal formulation (Ajumbaise) used in southeast Nigeria was screened for its plants composition and presence of phytochemical substances by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results obtained showed that the formulation is made up of six different plants in varying percentage compositions including Barteria fistulosa (34.97%), Napoleona vogelli (23.72%), Euphorbia convolvuloids (3.72), Spondias mombine (11.45%), Uvaria chamae (10.09%) and Ceiba petandra (16.60%). Extract yield for the polyherbal as a unit was 17.38% while for individual plants compositions the yields were Barteri fistulosa (32.40%), Napoleona vogelli (31.60%), Euphorbia convolvuloids (15.00%), Spondias mombine (29.00%), Uvaria chamae (10.20%) and Ceiba petandra (7.72%).Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the polyherbal extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, terpenes, phenolic compounds and alkaloids in high quantities. Saponins and tannins were present in moderate quantities while glycoside was found in small quantity. GC-MS chromatogram of the polyherbal extract showed sixteen peaks indicating presence of sixteen phytochemical constituents including Methyl (2)-3-cyanoprop-2-enoate (1.22%), 2-Ethyl-2-hexen-1-al (0.80%), 1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione (2.54%), Benzyl benzoate (2.71%), Methyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2 methyl propanoate (5.00%), Hexa decanoic acid also known as Palmitic acid (32.65%), Ethyl palmitate (6.74%), S-methyl-L-cysteine (3.49%), Niacin or nicotinic acid (6.96%), N-(furan-3-yl) acetamide (10.60%), Stearic acid or n-Octadecanoic acid (12.34%), and Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (1.94%). Others are Pyroglutamic acid (0.91%), Pyroglutamic acid (0.91%), ρ-nitrocinnamic acid, methyl ester (1.42%), 17-carboxyheptadec-9-en-1-ylium (7.10%) and 20-carboxydodec-8-en-1-ylium (3.58%). We therefore conclude that Ajumbaise polyherbal formulation is made up of 6 different medicinal plants and is heavily enriched with phytocomponents which may be of value as antioxidants, hypolipidaemic agents and in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords: GC-MS, Phytochemical, Polyherbal, Antioxidants