Category Archives: International Journal of Medical Science and Applied Biosciences 2017

CONTENTS

S/N	Title	Author(s)	Pages
1	Assessment of Anti-Malaria Efficacy of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts in Albino Wistar Rats	Ikpe Vitalis PhD, MNSBMB, FIMLS, FCAI	1-8
2	Incidence of Agenesis of Palmaris Longus amongst Students Populations in Anambra State University, Uli Campus	Okafor I. J, Nwakanma A. A, Etoniru I. S, Nweke E. O& Elemuo C. O	9-18
3	Extraction, Characterization and Application of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) Oil	*S.N. Ezem , 1R.E. Ezem & 2L.O. Ojokoh	19-30
4	Caesarean Section Rate as a Surgical Peril: A Case Study at a Secondary Health Facility in North-Western Nigeria	Dalhatu, A.1, Hamza R.1, Abubakar S.1, Garba S.1, Abdullahi A.1Hayatu, S.2	31-48
5	Survey and Control of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. Using Plant Extracts and Tamarind Ash in Girei, Local Government Area, Adamawa State	Puma, S.H1; Matai, E.P2; Channya K.F3 & Indapful , H.A4	49-66
6	Qualitative & Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and Proximate Composition of Bombax buonopozense (Red Silk Cotton Tree) Stem-Back	B.  E. Edem1, M. E. Khan2*, N. U. Ibok1& L. I. Dimlong1	67-79
8	Isolation of Micro-Organisms Associated with Rot Diseases of Fruits using Pawpaw and Shaddok as Case Study	Offurum, J.C.; Chukwu M. M.; Iheme C.; Akuchie C. J.; Nwaozuzu S.C.	80-88

Assessment of Anti-Malaria Efficacy of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts in Albino Wistar Rats

Ikpe Vitalis PhD, MNSBMB, FIMLS, FCAI

Department of Biochemistry,

Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria

Email: ikpeforsuccess@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Azadirachta indica (Neem) is variously referred to as “wonder tree”, sacred “tree”, “Heal All”, “Nature’s Drugstore”, “Village pharmacy” and “Panacea for all diseases”. Its anti-malaria efficacy was investigated using hot (100^oC) and cold water extracts. Twenty-four albino rats of both sexes (average age: 3months, weight 200-220gram) were divided into three groups of eight rats. Group 1 (the control group) received only feed, group 2 received feed, hot and cold water extracts 6 days before being infected with malaria parasite while group 3 rats were infected with malaria parasite 6 days before receiving hot and cold water extract. Blood samples were collected from the rats through eye puncture with capillary tubes 24hrs and 72hs later and examined for malaria parasite load with giemsa and leishman stained films using tally method of counting. There was no malaria infection in the control and group 2 rats. In group 3, the administered parasite load (+++) was completely eradicated within 72hs. The observed anti-malaria effect of neem leaf suggests a dual role in preventing and eradicating plasmodia activity.

Keywords: Neem leaf, extracts, malaria, treatment, prevention.

Students Populations in Anambra State University, Uli Campus

Okafor I. J, Nwakanma A. A, Etoniru I. S, Nweke E. O& Elemuo C. O

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Chukwuemeka Odomegwu Ojukwu University Uli

Anambra State, Nigeria

Email: igweokafor13@yahoo.com,akudoekeoma@yahoo.com, nazariteforlife@gmail.com,nwekeelizabeth@yahoo.com,chukwuebukaelemuo@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Palmaris longus is a muscle that assists in flexion of the wrist. There is a growing interest in the existence of the muscle because its tendon is reported to be most frequently harvested for reconstructive plastic and hand surgery which led to the study of its unilateral and bilateral absence amongst student of Anambra State University Uli. A descriptive study was conducted in 300 healthy subjects (145 males and 155 females) who were examined clinically by Schaeffer’s test. In subjects with agenesis of palmaris longus tendon, four other was carried out on them and when still absent, exercise was introduced. Overall incidence of the agenesis of palmaris longus was observed in 11 (3.7%) which were all unilaterally agenetic, consisting of 1.3% of males and 2.3% females. Agenesis in the fat subjects (obsessed subjects) was 12.1% while that of the slim subjects was 1.7%. In this study, there was a statistic significant (P> 0.05) relationship with agenesis of palmaris longus with gender among population in Anambra state university, Uli campus. This research proves that the eastern geographic zone of Nigeria has a low incidence of agenesis of palmaris longus.

Keyword: Palmaris Longus, Agenesis, Students.

Extraction, Characterization and Application of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) Oil

*S.N. Ezem , ¹R.E. Ezem & ²L.O. Ojokoh

¹ Department of Food Technology

Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana Afikpo, Ebonyi State

           Department  of Science Laboratory Technology

Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana Afikpo Ebonyi State

E-mail: stellaezem@gmail.com, ezemreg2006@yahoo.com & ujuezem@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The oil was extracted from the sun-dried cashew seeds by soxhlet method. The oil content of the seeds was found to be 40%. The oil extracted was characterized and used for soap-making. The golden yellow oil had saponification and iodine values of 168 and 215 mg g^{-1 ­­­­­}respectively. It was a non-drying oil. The relative density of the oil was found to be 0.81. The soap produced with the oil was soft and cream colored. The characteristics determined for the soap included alkalinity, chloride and moisture contents, matter insoluble in ethanol and water. The values obtained compared favorably with the specifications of the Nigeria Industrial Standards (NIS).

Keywords: Soxhlet extraction, characterization, Anacardium occidentale, non-drying oil.

Caesarean Section Rate as a Surgical Peril: A Case Study at a Secondary Health Facility in North-Western Nigeria

Dalhatu, A.¹, Hamza R.¹, Abubakar S.¹, Garba S.¹, Abdullahi A.¹ Hayatu, S.²

¹Department of Nursing Sciences, Bayero University Kano

²Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bayero University Kano

E-mail: adamudalhatu206@gmail.com, profandnafs@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Caesarean section was introduced into clinical practice as a lifesaving procedure for both the mother and the child but the rate at which the procedure is been carried out is becoming a concern globally. As other procedures of some complexity, its use follows the health care inequity pattern the world: underuse in low income settings, and adequate or even unnecessary use in middle and high income settings. Using a descriptive cross sectional study that involved all subjects who attended maternity unit for delivery; a purposive sampling technique was employed to recruit the sample size of one hundred. After obtaining an informed written consent for the study, all subjects who met the inclusion criteria were successfully enrolled in to the study. Pre-operative, intra-operative and postoperative data were collected using standardized data collection form based on CDC/WHO criteria. The data was analyzed using SPSS Version 16 software. The results showed thatthe predominant ages of the subjects were between 11 years to 50 years with the mean age of 25 years. Most of the subjects had no formal education and were not engaged in any occupation. The major findings showed an incidence rate of forty seven (47%) and obstructed labour was the leading cause of cesarean section. It is therefore recommended that. a multidisciplinary approach of the skilled health professionals is needed to curtail the incidence.

Keywords: cesarean section, labour, incidence, patient, health

Survey and Control of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. Using Plant Extracts and Tamarind Ash in Girei, Local Government Area, Adamawa State

Puma, S.H¹; Matai, E.P²; Channya K. F³ & Indapful , H.A⁴  

¹Gombe State Teachers Service Commission, Ministry of Education, Gombe State

²Department of Horticultural Technology, Federal College of HorticultureDadin Kowa, Gombe State

³Department of Plant Science, Modibo Adama University of TechnologyYola Adamawa State

⁴Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi Adamawa State

ABSTRACT

A survey was conducted to find and control Fusarium wilt of tomato at Labundo, Gyariyo and Battare all located in Girei Local Government Area of Adamawa State. The treatments combinations consisted of three levels each of jatropha leaf extracts, neem leaf extracts and tamarind ash assigned in s Completely Randomized Design (CRD), replicated four times. Data collected was analysed using Statistical tool for Applied Sciences (SAS) and means that were significantly different were separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). Surveyed result of naturally infected tomato plant identified Fusarium oxysporum in all the surveyed locations as the wilt pathogen. The highest percentage incidence of tomato wilt was recorded in Gyariyo with 85.07% followed by Labundo with 26.69% and Battare with 26.06%. The result also showed significant difference (P<0.05) with respect to disease severity. Gyariyo had the highest severity of 88 %, Labundo 36 % and Battare having the least severity of 34 %.  Results of in-vitro control trials indicated that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the treatments with respect to the control of the Fusarium oxysporum. Jatropha leaf extracts produced the inhibition zone of 37.50%; neem gave 32.53% while ash had 24.86% inhibition. Concentration levels of 2.0 ml, 1.5 ml, and 1.0ml/20 ml of PDA were also significantly different, with increased efficacy as concentration of treatment increases. For in-vivo trial, the treatments were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control, reducing the disease of tomato seedlings. Concentration of 3.0 ml/kg, 5.0 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg were also significantly different at P < 0.05, with increased efficacy as concentration of treatment increases but no significant different between 5.0 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg. From the in-vitro findings and screen house study, jatropha leaf extracts gave the best control of the pathogen and produced the highest seedling growth followed by neem leaf extracts and ash whereas increase in concentration increases the control of the pathogen, therefore farmers are advised to use jatropha leaf extracts at 5.0ml/kg.

Keywords: Fusarium wilt, jatropha, neem, ash, extract, concentration, in-vivo and in-vitro.

Qualitative & Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and Proximate Composition of Bombax buonopozense (Red Silk Cotton Tree) Stem-Back

B.  E. Edem¹, M. E. Khan^2*, N. U. Ibok¹& L. I. Dimlong¹

¹DepartmentofChemical Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi Adamawa State

²University of Agriculture,  Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

Email: emamulu@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Qualitative & quantitative phytochemical screening and proximate composition of Bombax buonopozense stem was investigated. Nine phytochemicals viz: – alkaloid, carbohydrate, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, protein, terpenoids, and oxalates were observed. Steroids and glycosides were below detectable limits. Quantitative phytochemical analysis indicated that alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, tannins and saponins had values of 0.68 g, 0.09 g, 2.35 g, 1.41 g and 1.15 g respectively. The proximate analysis gave high percentage moisture content (55.30%). Carbohydrate and protein were of low values (1.04 % and 6.0% respectively). Ash content was found to be 15.30%, fiber (16.80%) all analyses were per 100g of crude sample.

Keywords: phytochemical screening, proximate composition, Bombax buonopozense, quantitative / qualitative analysis, stem-back

Isolation of Micro-Organisms Associated with Rot Diseases of Fruits using Pawpaw and Shaddok as Case Study

Offurum, J.C.; Chukwu M. M.; Iheme C.; Akuchie C. J.; Nwaozuzu S.C.

Department of Chemical Engineering

Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo-Ohaji

E-mail: jullyengine@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This research study dwelt on Microbial Isolation of Organisms Associated with Rot Disease of Fruits using Shaddok and Pawpaw as Case Study. This was necessitated due the fact that food spoilage is a complex process and excessive amount of food is lost due to microbial spoilage of food, even with the modern day preservation techniques. Based on this knowledge, more detailed sensory, chemical and microbiological analysis is usually carried out on food materials to assess their consumption safety. Two samples (pawpaw and shaddock) were considered in the present study, to determine the total bacterial count and the actual specific organisms responsible for their spoilage; whilst, the chemical and physical parameters are the main determining factors for detection of spoilage microorganisms. From the results obtained, the pH values of the two samples before spoilage were 6.50 (for pawpaw) and 4.72 (for shaddock), while after spoilage, their pH reduced as follows 3.05 and 4.38 respectively. It was, also, noticed that pawpaw spoiled faster than shaddock. Some microorganisms identified in the screening include staphylococcus specie with (1.05×10⁵tcfu/g), proteus spp (with 7.2×10⁴tcfu/g), E. coli (with 5×10²tcfu/g), klebsiella (with 8×10²tcfu/g), penicillium specie (with 3.0×10²tcfu/g), coccidioides immitis (with 2.0×10²tcfu/g), saccharomyce specie (with 1.87×10²tcfu/g), and these all have negative effect on human health. It is therefore recommended that food that ready to be eaten should be stored in the refrigerator to reduce the chances of microbial spoilage and also, food should be properly cooked or re-heated before consumption to avoid ingesting microorganism into the body that are injurious to health.

Keywords: Isolation, Microorganism, Rot Disease, Fruits