Category Archives: International Journal of Sciences and Advanced Innovative Research 2016

CONTENTS

S/N	Title	Authors	Pages
1	Intervention Analysis of Daily Yuan-Naira Exchange Rates	Ette Harrison Etuk & Alapuye Gbolu Eleki	1-13
2	Challenges and Prospects of Agricultural Cooperative Societies in Nigeria	1Brai M.A, 2Ehiomogue P, 3Eriakha E.C., & 4Okoduwa O. J.	14-22
3	Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Mangifera indica and Annona comosus (Ripe Mango and Pineapple Fruits)	Ikpe Vitalis PhD, MNSBMB, FIMLS	23-30
4	Analytic Signal and Spectral Centroid Methods for Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies: Applicability to the entire Sokoto Basin, Nigeria	Shehu,A. T.1, Nwankwo, L.  I.2 and Salako, K. A.3	31-44
5	A Particle Swarm Optimization Based Edge Detection Algorithm for Noisy Coloured Images	Sadiq B.O1, Zakariyya O.S2, Abdulrahman O.A3, Usman M.A4 and Alao R.A5	45-62
6	Assessment of the Microbial Status of ‘OGI’ Subjected to Varying Storage Conditions	1Olatunde, A. O., 1Ojo, R. O., 1Temikotan, T. & 1Omoniyi, E.  I.	63-76
7	Synthesis and Structure of New Anilino Derivatives of Angular Azaphenoxazine Dye by Buchwald-Hartwig Cross Coupling Protocol	1Ojarikre Enoo, 1Mgboh Vivian Onyinyechi 2Wokpara Iheanyichukwu, 3Ikenazor Herbert, 4Awemu G.A.	77-88
8	Impact of Urbanisation on Housing Rent: A Study of Kpakungu Community, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	1Odaudu Ugbede Sunday & 2Sani Solomon A	89-106

Intervention Analysis of Daily Yuan-Naira Exchange Rates

Ette Harrison Etuk & Alapuye Gbolu Eleki

Department of Mathematics, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt

Department of Statistics, Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Email: ettetuk@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Time series of daily Chinese Yuan – Nigerian Naira exchange rates from 1 May 2016 to 28 October 2016 shows a very slight negative trend until 20 June 2016 after which there is an abrupt increase and then a fairly level trend.  This calls for intervention.  The pre-intervention data displays a negative slope and it is non-stationary. Its first difference has an overall horizontal trend and is adjudged as stationary. Following its autocorrelation structure an MA (2) is fitted to these first differences of the pre-intervention data.  The residuals of this ARIMA(0,1,2) model follow a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and this is an indication of model adequacy.  Differences between the forecasts of this model and the observations in the post-intervention period are used to estimate the intervention transfer function.  The coefficients of this function are significant and the intervention forecasts closely agree with the corresponding observations. Therefore the intervention effect is significant. The fitted intervention model is hoped to be a basis for managing this situation and possibly helping to proffer a due solution.

Keywords: Yuan, Naira, exchange rates, intervention analysis

Challenges and Prospects of Agricultural Cooperative Societies in Nigeria

¹Brai M.A, ²Ehiomogue P, ³Eriakha E.C., & ⁴Okoduwa O. J.

¹Department of Sciences, National Institute of Construction Technology (NICT), Uromi Edo State

²Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michael Okpara University, Umudike

³Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi

⁴Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, National Institute of Construction Technology, Uromi

Email: maxcellusng6@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This paper looked at the challenges and prospects of Agricultural Cooperatives in Nigeria. The objective of the study is to find out the explanation of cooperative societies, types, importance, advantages, disadvantages of cooperative, and the roles played by co operative society in the economic development of Nigeria. Farmers who belong to cooperative society can often get inputs against liens over produce for sale through the society. The marginal savings rate of the poor, when viewed from a holistic perspective are not small; this high volume of savings from the poor who usually constitute the target group of credit co-operatives can be encouraged and efficiently mobilized for the benefit of the individuals by encouraging agricultural expansion, the co-operative and the entire economy.

Keywords: Cooperative, enterprises, challenges, consumers, association

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Mangifera indica and Annona comosus (Ripe Mango and Pineapple Fruits)

Ikpe Vitalis PhD, MNSBMB, FIMLS

Department of Biochemistry

Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria

Email: ikpeforsuccess@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Phytochemicals are natural bioactive compounds found in plant fruits, leaves or other parts that interplay with nutrient and dietary fibre to protect them. This study was carried out to evaluate qualitative and quantitative constituents of Mangifera indica (common mango) and Annona comosus (pineapple) fruits. The two fruits were sliced and pounded separately. Ten grams of each fruit were weighed into three different solvents namely water, ethanol, n-hexane and filtered after 24 hrs. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannins, glycosides, flavonoid, phenol and saponin in the two fruits while quantitative assay showed notable differences. Mangifera indica had higher content of saponin (1. 36%) than Annona Comosus (0.71 %); phenol content, 11.2 % for M. indica and 8.56 % for A. Comosus; tannin content, 2.34 % for M. indica and 1.09 % for A. comosus; flavonoid content, 12.20% for M. indica and 6.96 % for A. comosus. Alkaloid content was higher in A. Comosus (8.80%) than in M. indica (2.8 %). Annona comosus and Mangifera indica are good sources of health support for humans. This study recommends the isolation of these secondary metabolites on a large scale for commercial and therapeutic purposes.

Key words: Mangifera indica, Annona comosus, fruits, constituents, quantities, importance.

Analytic Signal and Spectral Centroid Methods for Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies: Applicability to the entire Sokoto Basin, Nigeria

Shehu,A. T.¹, Nwankwo, L.  I.² and Salako, K. A.³

¹Physics Unit, Centre for Preliminary and Extra-Mural Studies, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

²Department of Physics, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria          

³Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

E-mail: atshehu2006@gmail.com, linwankwo@unilorin.edu.ng, kasalako2012@gmail.com   

ABSTRACT

Sokoto Basin in northwestern Nigeria is bounded by latitudes 10.00^oN and14.00^oN and longitudes 3.50 ^oN and 7.00 ^oE and has a total surface area of about 111,925 km2. This study is in line with the Federal Government of Nigeria’s effort on hydrocarbon exploration in inland basins beyond Niger Delta region of Nigeria for a sustainable economic development in Nigeria. The digital residual data acquired from NGSA covered the entire Sokoto Basin was divided into twenty two (22) overlapping blocks and each block analyzed using spectral (Fourier) centroid method  to obtain Regional estimation of depths to top of anomalous magnetic bodies. These depths indicate clearly the magnitude of variations in depth of both the basement topography and other intrusive in the area, these depths information were subsequently used to generate the contour and the 3D map of the area.An analytic signal method was then used to generate a map on which the amplitude of displayed function is directly and simply related to a physical property of the subsurface rocks.  The depths to top of magnetic sources  in the study area  regarded as sedimentary thickness was found to range between   0.59 and 2.11 km with an average of 1.22 km. The 2D analytic signal map of the study area revealed occurrence of faults and magnetic minerals, mostly trending in the north-west direction and being dominant in the area in terms of distribution due to broader central African rift system. Those anomalies whose amplitude varies between 0.043 and 0.130 m and(pink and red) are observed to be well distributed in the study area. Another major observed anomalies ranging between 0.0018 and 0.0042 m (blue colour) are observed in the southeastern parts of the area. Observed at the north central, and northwestern part of the area are amplitude ranging between 0.0113 and 0.0173 m (yellow colour) correspond to areas with thick sedimentary cover while Blue and pink areas correspond to areas with thin sedimentary cover. However, the minimum thickness of sediment required for hydrocarbon generation is 2.3 km if other conditions are favorable. Therefore, hydrocarbon exploration may not be feasible in the basin, the area is therefore recommended for detail mineral and geothermal investigation.

Keywords:   Residual anomaly, Spectral centroid, Analytic signal, Sedimentary thickness, and Basement topography

A Particle Swarm Optimization Based Edge Detection Algorithm for Noisy Coloured Images

Sadiq B.O¹, Zakariyya O.S², Abdulrahman O.A³, Usman M.A⁴ and Alao R.A⁵

^1,3Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria¹

^2,4,5Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ilorin, Kwara State

Email: bosadiq@abu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT                                                             

This paper presents an improved edge detection algorithm using particle swarm optimization (PSO) based on vector order statistics. The proposed algorithm was implemented using MATLAB 2013 script. The algorithm addressed the performance of edge detection in noisy coloured images, with a view to minimizing broken, false and thick edges whilst reducing the presence of noise. A collection scheme based on step and ramp edges was applied to the edge detection algorithm, which explores a larger area in the images in order to reduce false and broken edges. The efficiency of this algorithm was tested on two Berkeley benchmark images in noisy environments with a view to comparing results both visually and quantitatively with those obtained using proven edge detection algorithms such as the Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, Cannyand Laplacian edge detection algorithms. The Pratt Figure of Merit (PFOM) was used as a quantitative comparison between the proposed algorithm and the proven edge detection algorithms. The PFOM on the test images in noisy environment for the Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, Laplacian, Canny and the proposed edge detection algorithms are 0.4191, 0.4191, 0.2807, 0.2811, 0.5606 and 0.8458 respectively. This showed that the developed algorithm will perform better than the existing edge detection algorithm in multimedia systems.

Keywords: Image Edge Detection, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Pratt Figure of Merit (PFOM), Noisy coloured Images and Vector Order Statistics

Assessment of the Microbial Status of ‘OGI’ Subjected to Varying Storage Conditions

^*1Olatunde, A. O., ¹Ojo, R. O., ¹Temikotan, T. & ¹Omoniyi, E.  I.

 ¹Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences,                     Achievers University, P. M. B.1030, Owo, Ondo State Nigeria

Email: olaposiolatunde@yahoo.com  

ABSTRACT

Adequate food supply all the year round in most developing Nations has been seriously hampered by contamination, deterioration in storage, and inadequate storage facilities. Moisture, Relative Humidity and Temperature affect food in storage indirectly through their influence on the agents of biological deterioration and directly through physical and chemical processes. The microbial qualities of Ogi kept under three different conditions were assessed at the microbiology laboratory of Achievers University, Owo. The samples assessed were procured from local producers at the local market and taken to the laboratory in sterilized nylon bags for examination. Before analyzing the samples, they were placed under three storage condition viz; under water (Treatment 1 or T₁), in refrigerator (Treatment 2 or T₂) and air-dried into wettable powder (Treatment 3 or T₃). All the samples were covered with aluminum foil to prevent cross contamination during handling. The samples were held under these conditions for 1 week after which subsamples were taken from the original samples for analysis. The subsampling and analysis procedures were replicated three times at weekly intervals. The water in T₁ was changed every 24 hours to prevent the growth of fungi. The three media; Nutrient Agar (NA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and MacConkey (MA) used for the analysis were prepared according to manufacturer’s specification. Twenty eight grams (28g) of Nutrient agar powder was weighed using the weighing balance and was dissolved in 1 litre of sterile distilled water in a conical flask. The mixture was thoroughly mixed and boiled to ensure complete dissolution of the powder. The conical flask was corked with cotton wool and later with aluminum foil and sterilized by autoclaving at 121⁰C for 15 minutes. The same procedure of preparation was used for the preparation of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and MacConkey Agar (MA) with thirty nine grams (39g) and fifty two grams (52g) of powdered media respectively. Identification and characterization of bacteria isolates was done based on morphology, staining reactions and biochemical tests. Fungi identification was based on morphology and microscopic examinations. The results of the research indicated that storage conditions exert a great deal of effect on the microbial qualities of Ogi. The bacterial isolates identified in the three samples include E. coli, Lactobacillus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Flavobacterium sp and Vitrobacterium sp. The results shows that Ogi samples under water (T₁) has the highest number of isolates followed by refrigerated Ogi sample (T₂) and dried Ogi sample (T₃) in that order. The trend indicates that moisture and temperature are important factors required by microorganisms to thrive in stored food commodities.

Keywords: Microbial, Assessment, Maize, Ogi, Storage

Synthesis and Structure of New Anilino Derivatives of Angular Azaphenoxazine Dye by Buchwald-Hartwig Cross Coupling Protocol

¹Ojarikre Enoo, ¹Mgboh Vivian Onyinyechi ²Wokpara Iheanyichukwu, ³Ikenazor Herbert, ⁴Awemu G.A.

¹Department of Industrial Chemistry, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria

²Department of Biochemistry, Madonna University, Elele Campus, Rivers State, Nigeria

³Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University, Elele , Rivers State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria

Email: ojasmotivation@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

New anilino derivatives of angular azaphenoxazine were obtained via Buchwald-Hartwig cross-couplingreaction. This was achieved by first synthesizing the intermediate 6-chlorobenzo[a]-11-azaphenoxazin-5-one by anhydrous base catalyzed condensation reaction between 2-amino-3-pyridinol and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone. The palladium catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig cross coupling of this electron rich 6-chlorobenzo[a]-11-azaphenoxazin-5-one with aniline and paranitrophenol, employing Pd(OAc)₂, 1,4-bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)piperazine ligand and Na₂CO₃ in a 1:1 mixture of 1,4-dioxacyclohexane (1,4-dioxane) and N,N-dimethylformamide as solvent at 90^o C, afforded the highly coloured anilino derivatives 6-phenylaminobenzo[a]-11-azaphenoxazin-5-one and  6-(4-hydroxy-phenylamino)-benzo[a]-11-azaphenoxazin-5-one in 50% and 75% yield respectively. Structural assignments were established by spectroscopic (UV,IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR).

Keywords: Anilino, angular, anhydrous, azaphenoxazine, Buchwald-Hartwig, cross-coupling

Impact of Urbanisation on Housing Rent: A Study of Kpakungu Community, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

¹Odaudu Ugbede Sunday & ²Sani Solomon A

¹Department of Architecture, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria

²Department of Works and Services, Federal Polytechnics, Idah, Nigeria

Email: arcodauduugbede@yahoo.com; soloidah@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

One of the problems Nigeria is facing is regular increase of housing rent due to increase of housing demand as a result of urbanisation and inadequate building of new houses to meet up with the housing demand. The Federal Government of Nigeria has tried several ways of solving this problem in the country over the years but could not succeed. Housing is one of the basic needs of man and a vigorous/buoyant housing sector is an indication of a strong programme of national investment and is indeed the foundation of and the first step to future economic growth and social development. Urbanisation is the movement of people from rural area to urban area especially in search of jobs and education and it is one of the factors that contribute to the increase of population of any urban area. Continuous construction of buildings by Government and the private sectors in urban areas is one of the surest ways to reduce regular increase of housing rent in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to assess how the housing rent has been increasing since 1991 to 2017, in order to generate an ideal that can reduce housing deficit in Nigeria. The unknown population of Kpakungu in the following years: 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2020 (the projected year) were calculated using Census (1991) unified formula         [ Pt = Po  ] for projecting the population of any part of Nigeria and the unknown Kpakungu population for the selected years were known. Then, oral interviews were conducted with the inhabitants of the study area that are the owners of residential buildings that contain a 2-bedroom flat. One owner of a 2- bedroom flat represents one inhabitant. The different amounts of the housing rent the tenants have been paying from 1991 till date (2010) were known from 100 owners of a 2-bedroom flat using systematic random sampling method that took in to consideration the total population parameters, which made it possible to calculate the average housing rent per the years 1991, 2006 and the other selected years. Then, the population of Kpakungu was compared with the average housing rent within a particular selected year starting from the year 1991, through the selected years to the projected year 2020 in order to know how the housing rent has been increasing over the years and how will this increase be in future. The results showed a rapid increase of housing rent and suggested that, Government and the private building developers should emphasis on the construction of more buildings, since there is a great need for housing magnitute in urban areas of Nigeria, mostly as a result of urbanisation.

Key Words: Urbanisation, Housing, Housing Demand, Housing Rent.