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Isolation and Structural Elucidation of 20 hydroxyecdystone from Vitex doniana Sweet Stem bark (Black plum)

Mustapha A. Tijjani*1, Y.A. Shettima2, Fanna I. Abdulrahman1, Irfan Z. Khan1, Cong Li3

1Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri.P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria

2Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri

3Departement of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Maiudguri, Maiduguri

3Nat. Centre for Natural Products Research and Developement Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mississipi, United States of America

Email: mustaphatijjani22@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:

The ethanolic extract of Vitex doniana stem bark (11.9g) was subjected to a silica gel accelerated column chromatography and eluents fractions (150ml aliquots) obtained were collected and monitored with thin layer chromatography (TLC).. Fractions with similar Rf values from same solvents system were poled together. Phytochemical test of all the fractions were perform. Complete elution yielded 48 fractions (150ml/fraction) which were pooled to 24 fractions and finally to eight (8) eight fractions and coded. Fraction Vd8-a (56mg) has gave a single spot  a white crystal compound coded V1 on checking with TLC and observed under Ultraviolet lamp .The Rf values was calculated to be 0.433 and melting point was found to be 241-243°C uncorrected. The infra red spectrum of compound V1 shows prominent peaks that corresponds to OHstr (3365cm-1) and C=0 (1652cm-1). The 1H NMR (400 MHZ) spectrum of compound V1 in DMSO-d6 displayed five singlet signals. It further showed a broad singlet at δ 5.58 integrated for 1 H is due to an olefinic H-atom adjacent to the carbonyl carbon atom. Three signals at δ 3.10` (d, J = 9.0 Hz, H-22), 3.59 (m, 1H, 2H-a) and 3.72 (m, 1H, 3H-e) each integrating for one proton is due to an oxymethine protons indicating that three oxymethine H-atoms were present in the compound. The 13C-NMR spectrum showed the presence of 27 Carbon atoms, suggesting that may be steroid skeleton and The DEPT-135 spectra showed the presence of five CH3, eight CH2, and seven CH groups, and seven quaternary C-atoms. The Molecular formula was established as C27H44O7 by HRES-MS positive ion mode m/z 481.3179. Based on the spectral analysis, the compound V1 is thus concluded to have ecdysteriod skeleton and conclusively conforms with 2β, 3β 14α, 20R, 22R, 25- hexahydroxy-5 β cholest-7-ene-6- one, commonly known as 20-hydroxyecdysone. This is the first time this compound was isolated from vitex doniana sweet.

Keywords: Vitex, Phytochemical, purification, isolation, chromatography, spectroscopy


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Working Mother Attitude and Practice of Exclusive Breast Feeding Pattern among Banker in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

1 Ilori O.A 1Nupo S.S, 2Akinlotan J.V, 1Nupo O.A, & 3Adenekan M.K

1Nutrition and Dietetic Department Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere, Abeokuta

2Department of Adult Education, University Of Ibadan

3Departmentof Food Technology, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere, Abeokuta

ABSTRACT:

Infant nutrition determines the holistic development of the child. This study was carried out to assess the attitude of working mother towards exclusive breastfeeding. A structured questionnaire was administered to one thousand eligible working mothers in selected banks across Abeokuta metropolis Ogun state Nigeria. Data were collected using heightometer for measuring height, weighing scale for measuring weight and tape measure for measuring waist circumference. The result of the study showed that 23.8% of the respondents exclusively breastfed their babies, while 76.2% breast feed with both breast feeding and breast milk substitute. About 76.2% did not have enough time to breast feed their babies, 52.1% were not aware of the suggested health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. The results of the body mass index of the subject reviewed that 12.4% were underweight (<18.5), 54.3% were normal (> 18.5 – 24.9), 25.1% were overweight (25.0 – 29.9), 5.2% were obese grade I (30.5 – 34.9), 1.3% were obese grade II (35.5 – 39.9). The rate of exclusive breast feeding was very low among the study group. Corporate organization should give appropriate time to the workers to exclusively breast feed their babies.


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The Effect of Noise Pollution on Human Cardiovascular System

Favour Chukumela Woko

Department of Integrated Science

Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt

Email: favourchukumelawoko@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Noise pollution is a health hazard and induces both auditory and non-auditory effects. Extensive levels of noise are associated with a high risk of physiological changes such as hypertension, increased levels of heartbeat rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, and thus peripheral vascular resistance. Noise can trigger both endocrine and autonomic nervous system responses that in turn affect the cardiovascular system and maybe a high risk for the appearance of cardiovascular disease. This work provides a comprehensive review of the new evidence linking noise pollution to cardiovascular risk. It considers some fundamental issues concerning noise and its consequences on the cardiovascular system. Sleep deprivation or fragmentation is usually considered the most severe non-auditory effect of noise pollution, which in turn affects the cardiovascular system. Noise exposure is also associated with hypertension and consequently with other cardiovascular diseases, the results from the literature, however, are inconclusive. Noise pollution has many adverse effects on health and especially on the cardiovascular system. Understanding the harmful effects of noise pollution on cardiovascular health will help us to take all the appropriate measures to prevent or to reduce the possible health risks.

KeywordsNoise Pollution, Noise Exposure, Cardiovascular Risk, Hypertension, Sleep Deprivation


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CONTENTS

Assessment of the Performance of Informal Land Delivery System in Karu Urban Area (Kua), Nigeria

Baba, Ezekiel Bahago, Abba, Mu’azu &   Maiyaki, Dele Jibrin …………………………………….. 1

The Application of Econometric Modelling to Real Estate Investment Decisions in the Economic Growth of Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria

Nissi Chicheta F. & Mbosowo Ebong Ekpo ……………………………………………….………15

Suitability of Maize Cob Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Sandcrete Blocks

Anowai, S. I., Ishaya, A. A., Zakka, P. W., Yahaya, A. M. & Oyelade, O.M.…………25

An Industrialized Building System Approach to Housing Development in Nigeria

Adeagbo, Dorcas Omolola and Anigbogu Natalia, A…………………………………….31

Tree Planting   a Panacea for Sustainable Ecosystem and Livelihood

Sa’ad, Muhammad Hashidu & Adamu, Sani Jauro……………………………………….42

Examination Malpractice as a Malady to the Development of Educational Programmes in Nigeria

Adegbite, Peter Ibrahim…………………………………………………………………….49

Appraisal of Challenges of Stakeholders’ Management in Construction Projects in Nigeria

Yahaya M. B; Kasimu M. A; Shittu A. A&Saidui…………………….…………………54

Assessment of Surface Water Quality in Rivers and Ponds for Sustainable Irrigation Practice in Nigeria

Samaila Kunden Ishaya, Marcus Nengak Danjuma and Kwarfwang Kevin Jack……………………………………………………………………………………………66


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ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN RIVERS AND PONDS FOR SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION PRACTICE IN NIGERIA

1Samaila Kunden Ishaya, 2 Marcus Nengak Danjuma &  3Kwarfwang Kevin Jack      

1Nasarawa State University Keffi   

3Plateau State University, Bokkos

Email: ikunden@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Nigeria is blessed with abundant surface water in rivers, streams, rivulets and ponds. However one of the greatest problems faced in the country is assessment of water quality from the numerous receiving surfaces for irrigation. This has resulted in the use of water likely to be injurious to the soils and plants, causing serious implications on the productive capacity of soils and the developmental processes of many crops. It is in this respect that this study undertook a review on assessment of water quality for irrigation and its application to Nigeria. The study used content analysis and reviewed relevant works on water quality for irrigation. The study examined major issues that affect the safety in the use of water for irrigation. These included issues associated to application of water high in salinity that may result in the built-up of salts in the soils, which cause difficulty in plants uptake of water a condition that causes plants to become stunted even when water is sufficient. High sodium ion in the irrigation water may raise exchangeable sodium percent in the soil and may impede the free flow of water and aeration in the soil thus interfering with normal developmental processes of many plants. Low or high pH in water affects the solubility of the soils and plants performance during irrigation. Other specific ion toxicity also have significant effect on water quality at levels that cause ailment to human health, for example the presence of trace elements in irrigation water can bio-amplify in due course within the food chain thus affecting the consumers of crops from such water. To use water wisely the study recommends that there is the need for intensive assessment of water quality for most surface sources and that research institutes be set in each state to monitor the quality of water to ensure standards recommended for a variety of uses are met.     

Keywords: Salinity, Sodicity, Toxicity, Assessment and Irrigation.


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APPRAISAL OF CHALLENGES OF STAKEHOLDERS’ MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN NIGERIA

*Yahaya M. B1; Kasimu M. A2; Shittu A. A1&Saidui1

1Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

2Department of Quantity Surveying, the Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria

Email: kasimumohammed@yahoo.com and yahayaqs@gmail.com  

ABSTRACT

The construction industry worldwide has a poor record of stakeholder management during the construction process. This ineffective stakeholder management affected cash flow system of projects and eventually deterred the success of project delivery. Therefore, the paper aimed at establishes factors that cause challenges of stakeholders’ management in construction projects. To accomplish the aim, survey questionnaire was adopted as a result of fragmentation and diversification in the construction industry. The questionnaire was designed in five (5) point Likert scale format with closed ended questions. A total of 100 numbers of questionnaires was distributed to Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Project Managers, Construction Managers, Contractors, Consultant and other stakeholders in the construction industry. Only 82% of the questionnaire distributed were filled correctly and returned which was used for the analysis. The descriptive analysis was used to analyse the data obtained from the responses of the respondents. The results obtained from analyses shows the major factors that causes challenges to stakeholder management as civil unrest and lack of political stability, change in bye law and regulations, delay in site handover, delay in inspection and approval, financial problems and non-adherence to specification. In addition, major mitigating measures to reduce challenges of stakeholder management were analysing conflicts and conditions among stakeholder, understanding area of stakeholder interest and encourage team work and collaboration among stakeholders. Thereafter the paper recommended that there should be adequate project planning and programming right from inception to completion stage of project to avoid delays, inflation, claims and conflict. In addition, project manager should encourage proper monitoring and feedback mechanism.

Keywords: Stakeholder, Construction projects, Stakeholder management, project success and project management


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EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE AS A MALADY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES IN NIGERIA

Adegbite, Peter Ibrahim

Department of Education Foundation

Federal University of Kashere Gombe State

Email: princepeter220@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on examination malpractices as one of the major problems militating against the efforts of government, her agencies and other stakeholders in achieving the national goals of providing reliable, functional and programmatic educational service to the populace. It highlights the causes; form and agents of academic malady in our schools and institutions of higher learning. This paper recommends the involvement of all stakeholders in concerted efforts towards curbing or eradicating this academic cancer through re-orientation and effective enlightenment of all involved in education on the dangers of examination malpractices, and also states that government and private sector should de-emphasize the use of certificates rather, the individual physical abilities and capacities should be considered for place and enrolment. Also it further suggested that learners should be allowed to study the course in which he or she has comparative advantages; that parents should not force certain course or courses on their words, that parents roles is to guide and advice the children by supporting their choice of carriers.


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TREE PLANTING A PANACEA FOR SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM AND LIVELIHOOD

Sa’ad, Muhammad Hashidu & Adamu, Sani Jauro

1Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Ministry of Environment & Forest Resources, Gombe State

2Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment & Forest Resources, Gombe State

Email:  saadhashidu@gmail.com & sanidaddy@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The exploitation of the resources of the semi-arid ecosystems by human beings, especially in recent times of severe and persistent drought brought about by ecological damages in the region, and also the increase in human population appears to be stressing the natural resources, consequently in many areas sustainable-yield threshold of the vegetation and soils are being breached over. It is now obvious that the problem of desertification needs to be addressed in a holistic manner in order to ensure that the semi-arid zone continues to support sustainable living. The most rapid responsive approach would be achieved through planting and protection of trees for the numerous services derived from them (Sadio, 1990). Trees can be extremely useful for the important role they play to achieve sustainable rural development and to restore the health of the planet’s environment, and are also one of the most valuable tools available to help transform unhealthy cities into healthier ones, and improve low productivity agricultural land into high yielding and profitable agriculture land. It is generally agreed that increasing agricultural productivity is central to growth and poverty alleviation in rural areas (Chivaura-Mususa et al, 2000; Sánchez et al, 1998).

Keywords: As a Panacea, Livelihood, Sustainable Ecosystem, And Tree Planting.


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AN INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM APPROACH TO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Adeagbo, Dorcas Omolola1 & Anigbogu Natalia, A.2

Department of Building

University of Jos, JosEmail: adeagbod1@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT  

Industrialised Building System (IBS) is a construction method where prefabricated components are used instead of cast on site approach. It has more to offer compared to the conventional method. Among these advantages are shorter construction period, reduced overall cost, improved labour productivity, better site management and reduction in waste generation. Developments of housing units are needed due to the growing population and increased demand for housing. This study was with the aim of investigating the perception of professionals on the prospects, challenges, and strategies for improving IBS usage in housing development, specifically in Abuja. The method adopted was purposive sampling technique where questionnaire were distributed to 100 built environment professionals, handling housing projects. Data obtained from the 80 questionnaire returned were analysed using SPSS software. The results revealed that majority of the professionals handling housing projects in Abuja are practicing traditional cast in – situ method and IBS application is considered for few projects. The challenges of IBS application according to the respondents are; insufficient IBS manufacturer, unfamiliarity due to resistance to change, enormous capital cost and lack of government interest. In order to overcome these barriers, majority of the respondents agreed that improving the educational curriculum, adopting intensive training for the related professionals, usage of IBS in government housing projects, government support with startup capital, and promotion of market acceptance of IBS housing units, would help in improving IBS adoption in Abuja housing development. The implication of this study is that Government support and increase awareness on the prospects of IBS would improve the usage of IBS in housing development. 

 


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SUITABILITY OF MAIZE COB ASH AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN SANDCRETE BLOCKS

Anowai, S. I., Ishaya, A. A., Zakka, P. W., Yahaya, A. M. & Oyelade, O.M.

Department of Building

University of Jos, Jos Nigeria

E-mail: anowaisolomon@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: This research is aimed at determining the suitability of the use of Maize Cob Ash as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the production of Sandcrete Blocks. The maize cob used in this study was sourced from Jengre village in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State. The maize cobs were properly dried and burnt to ashes completely at the temperature of 500-6000C in a furnace. Mix ratio of 1:6 (cement: sand) was used in this study. Water cement ratio of 0.5 was adopted in this study. OPC was partially replaced with maize cob ash (MCA) in varying percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% by weight. The block samples were moulded and cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. The compressive strengths of the blocks were tested by crushing using compressive test machine. The compressive strength of the blocks was observed to increase with increasing days of curing. Sandcrete block samples made with 10% and 20% replacements of OPC with MCA achieved compressive strengths of 4.05N/mm2 and 2.65N/mm2 respectively at 28 days. These satisfied the minimum compressive strength requirement of 3.45N/mm2 and 2.5N/mm2 for load bearing and non load bearing walls respectively specified by NIS:87 (2004) for sandcrete blocks. Blocks made at 10% and 20% percentage partial replacements of OPC with MCA also satisfied the maximum water absorption requirement of 12% specified by Nigeria Industrial Standard (2004) for sandcrete blocks. It is thus recommended that OPC should be partially replaced with 10% and 20% MCA in sandcrete block production for load bearing walls and non-load bearing walls respectively.

Key Words: Maize cob ash, Sandcrete block, partial replacement of cement, compressive strength, Water absorption.