Comparative Study on the risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Content in the Roasted muscle of Free-lance and Broilers Chicken in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria

Jonah, A. E. & Essien, K. E.

Department of Science Technology

Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua

Email: akan.jonah@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Comparative study on the risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in the roasted muscle of free-lance and broilers chicken in Akwa Ibom State Nigeriawere carried out using standard analytical methods as described by USEPA,2010. The result obtained for the Risk Assessment of PAHs content in the roasted muscle of freelance were; anthracene; 0.0670mg/kg, Pyrene; 0.5383mg/kg,  Benzo(a) Anthracene; 4.1784mg/kg, Chrysene; 0.2188mg/kg, Benzo(k) fluranthene; 0.1443mg/kg, Benzo(a) Pyrene; 0.0478mg/kg, Benzo (g,h,i) Pyrene; 0.6318mg/kg, Diabenz(a,h) anthracene; 0.5664mg/kg and Indeno(1,2,3-cd) Pyrene; 0.9990mg/kg. The result for roasted muscle of the broilers chicken were; anthracene; 0.0509mg/kg, Pyrene; 0.0007mg/kg, Benz(a) anthracene; 0.0032mg/kg, Chrysene; 0.0309mg/kg, Benzo(k) flouranthene; 0.0018mg/kg, Benzo(a) Pyrene; 0.0609mg/kg, Benzo(g,h,i) Pyrene; 0.0483mg/kg, Dibenz(a,h) anthracene; 0.0794mg/kg and indeno(1,2,3-cd) Pyrene; 0.0039mg/kg. The concentration of Pyrene, benz(a), anthracene, benzo(g,h,i) Pyrene, Dibenzo(a,b) anthracene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)Pyrene were higher in roasted freelance chicken than the European Union Standard Limit. The correlation analysis shows a positive strong correlation at P<0.01 as follows : Anthr/Py (r = 0.950546), Anthr/Chry (r = 0.79307), Py/Chry (r = 0.943036), B(a)A/Chry (r = 0.87532), Anthr/B(f)F (r =0.82591), Py/B(f)F (r=0.960178), Chry/B(f)F (r =0.998433), Py/B(g,h,i)P (r=0.810799), Chry/B(g,h,i)P (r = 0.959345), B(f)F/B(g,h,i)P (r=0.942045), Anthr/D(a,h)A (r=0.819004), Py/D(a,h)A (r =0.956711), While there was a negative correlation between Anthra/B(A)P(-0.73645) at P<0.01. This correlation shows that as the potential risk of anthracene increases, the potential risk of B(a)P decreases. The research shows that there is risk in consumption of roasted muscle of freelance chicken than roasted muscle of broilers chicken.

 Key words; Risk assessment, Trace metals and Roasted chicken

SENSITIVITY OF SOME STATIONARY ITERATIVE METHODS TO TOLERANCE PARAMETER

A. A. Ibrahimand R. O. Osinowo

Department of Mathematical Sciences,

Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Email: adebisiibrahim97@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Stationary iterative solution of algebraic system of equations requires the input of the coefficient matrix  , the constant column vector , the initial approximation , the tolerance parameter,  and , the intended maximum number of iterations.. While the coefficient matrix and the column vector are given, the initial approximation, usually taken to be the zero column vector of the same dimension as the constant column vector , the tolerance parameter and the intended maximum iterations are to be supplied by the one performing the operation.  Again, the intended maximum iterations only sets the limit that must not be exceeded, the tolerance parameter plays a significant role in the arithmetic precision of the output. The Jacobi and the Gauss-Seidel iterations are used to solve some equations and they yielded useful results. The tolerance parameter was observed to have effect on the number of iterations as well as their minimization of the errors involved.

Keywords: Stationary iterative methods, algebraic system of equations, tolerance parameter, minimization of the errors.

Quantitative Evaluation of Organochlorine Pollutants in Cabbage Plant Cultivated Along River Getsi, Kano State

¹A. E. Ekevwe; ²A. A. Nuhu; ²Z. I. Yashim & ²E. D. Paul

¹Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano

²Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Email: upambrose@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Contamination of cabbage plant cultivated along river Getsi through water, soil and air by industrial, domestic and agricultural waste poses great health risk to the public when consumed. The study is aimed at evaluating the health risk associated with organochlorine pollutants (OCPs) in cabbage plant cultivated along River Getsi. Cabbage plant samples are collected fresh in the farmyard, with clean sampling container, washed, dried, extracted, cleaned up before identification and determination of organochlorine pollutants. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) equipped with Electron Capture Detector (ECD) was used for the analysis. Percentage recovery obtained was 53% with a spiked sample concentration of 0.264µg/kg and control sample concentration of 0.155ng/kg. The concentration 0.007µg/kg of the analyte in cabbage was below the WHO and NESREA guideline limit of 0.01mg/kg. Hence, there are detective concentration of OCPs in cabbage plant examined, continuous exposure may exceed threshold level, which is dangerous,so  it is necessary for regulatory bodies to prevent and minimized the contamination load.        

Keyword: Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometer, Electron Capture Detector, organochlorine pollutant.

Geology, Occurrences and Industrial Applicability of Barite Deposit in Gombe Inlier within Gongola Basin Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria

Mohammed Rabiu¹ , Ahmed Isah Haruna¹ & Sa’id Abdulkarim²

¹Department of Applied Geology, Abubakar Tafawa-Balewa University, Bauchi

²PSC Exploration Department, National Petroleum Investment Management Services  

 (NPIMS/NNPC), Bauchi, Bauchi State Nigeria

Email: marrah201354@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The extensive Geological Mapping in Gombe Inlier has revealed that the area is characterized by two major Rock types: The Basement complex rocks represented by the Rocks of Biotite Granite, Migmatite Gneiss which is surrounded by the Cretaceous Sedimentary Sequences which encompasses; BimaFormation,Yolde Formation, Pindiga Formation followed by Gombe formation. Barite Mineralization in Gombe Inlier occurs along veins that are structurally control within the Inlier. There is a progressive increase in the BaSO₄     content as well as specific gravity from the contact with the wall Rock toward the center of the vein, i.e. from creamy/white to smoky/dark variety. . For Gombe inlier deposit, obtained data indicate that it can be classified in to two grades Barite in terms of qualities and specifications for industrial applications. The creamy /white variety with 95.75% BaSO₄     ,94.35% BaSO₄    and 95.91% BaSO₄     with  average specific gravity of  4.83g/cm³   ,4.61 g/cm³   and 4.54 g/cm³   , white streak and hardness of 3.2 is suggested to be grade one type. The smoky/dark variety with 90.30% BaSO₄     ,90.44% BaSO₄     and 90.06% BaSO₄   with average  specific gravity of 3.81 g/cm³   3.95 g/cm³    and 3.33 g/cm³   ,white streak and hardness of 3.3 can ben consider as grade two Barite .The chemical composition of the Barite, when compare with international standards and specifications for various industrial applications make it pure and good quality that make it suitable for use in various industries that requires the commodity.

KEY: Geology, Occurrence, Quality and Structures.

Mathematical Models for Monitoring Diabetic Population with Minor and Major Complications

Goni Umar Modu, Muktar Modu & Modu Mohammed
Department of Statistics

Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Email: goni_umar@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Mathematical model for monitoring diabetic populations with minor and major complications are developed and analyzed in this work. The equilibrium point of the system is shown to be globally asymptotically stable (GAS) using direct Lyapunov method. Some numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the analytical results. It is found that the prevalence/incidence of diabetes is on the rise. Our results are effective in monitoring diabetic populations with minor and major complications. The model can be used to monitor global diabetic populations over time.

Keywords: Diabetes, Model, Complication, Global stability.